Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... Alternatively, an E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) participates in the TAK1 activation downstream of TGFBR or BMPR through the formation of the XIAP-TAB1-TAK1 complex, likely in a ubiquitination-independent mechanism [33,34]. It has been shown that DNA damage-induce ...
... Alternatively, an E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) participates in the TAK1 activation downstream of TGFBR or BMPR through the formation of the XIAP-TAB1-TAK1 complex, likely in a ubiquitination-independent mechanism [33,34]. It has been shown that DNA damage-induce ...
Cbp3–Cbp6 interacts with the yeast mitochondrial ribosomal tunnel
... of cytochrome b. On the one hand, the complex interacts with mitochondrial ribosomes to allow efficient translation of mRNAs containing the 5 untranslated region (UTR) of the COB mRNA. On the other hand, the Cbp3–Cbp6 complex is part of a non– ribosome-bound assembly intermediate of the bc1 complex ...
... of cytochrome b. On the one hand, the complex interacts with mitochondrial ribosomes to allow efficient translation of mRNAs containing the 5 untranslated region (UTR) of the COB mRNA. On the other hand, the Cbp3–Cbp6 complex is part of a non– ribosome-bound assembly intermediate of the bc1 complex ...
Isolation and characterization of the Pin1/Ess1p homologue in
... amino acid residues, which are important for the substrate specificity of Pin1/Ess1p (Ranganathan et al., 1997), are also conserved in the newly identified ORF, indicating that this S. pombe gene, pin1+, is a functional homologue. In light of the remarkable similarity in mitotic regulatory mechanism ...
... amino acid residues, which are important for the substrate specificity of Pin1/Ess1p (Ranganathan et al., 1997), are also conserved in the newly identified ORF, indicating that this S. pombe gene, pin1+, is a functional homologue. In light of the remarkable similarity in mitotic regulatory mechanism ...
1-Michelle_Stone_thesis
... comprised of alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers that associate head-‐to-‐tail to form protofilaments, which in turn assemble into hollow rods. These rods, or microtubules, have their own intrinsic polari ...
... comprised of alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers that associate head-‐to-‐tail to form protofilaments, which in turn assemble into hollow rods. These rods, or microtubules, have their own intrinsic polari ...
Acyl-CoA oxidase is imported as a heteropentameric, cofactor
... complex. (A) Peroxisomes purified from the 20KgP fraction of YPBO-grown wild-type (P01d) cells were lysed by addition of LC buffer and subjected to centrifugation to yield a supernatant enriched for matrix proteins. Matrix proteins were subjected to immunoaffinity chromatography under native conditi ...
... complex. (A) Peroxisomes purified from the 20KgP fraction of YPBO-grown wild-type (P01d) cells were lysed by addition of LC buffer and subjected to centrifugation to yield a supernatant enriched for matrix proteins. Matrix proteins were subjected to immunoaffinity chromatography under native conditi ...
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... proteins discovered that Cdt1 is rapidly released upon successful loading of each MCM complex [31]. By following individual labeled proteins, Ticau et al. showed Cdt1 and Cdc6 release between the two rounds of MCM loading. This rapid shuttling between the bound and soluble states for both Cdt1 and C ...
... proteins discovered that Cdt1 is rapidly released upon successful loading of each MCM complex [31]. By following individual labeled proteins, Ticau et al. showed Cdt1 and Cdc6 release between the two rounds of MCM loading. This rapid shuttling between the bound and soluble states for both Cdt1 and C ...
Cell cycle checkpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans
... Figure 27. P0 cell cycle timing in par genes defective embryos. ............................................ 63 Figure 28. par-5 inactivation leads to premature mitotic entry. .............................................. 64 Figure 29. par-5 defective germlines show increased number of cells in mit ...
... Figure 27. P0 cell cycle timing in par genes defective embryos. ............................................ 63 Figure 28. par-5 inactivation leads to premature mitotic entry. .............................................. 64 Figure 29. par-5 defective germlines show increased number of cells in mit ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
Protein phosphatase 1 down regulates ZYG
... [28-30]. Down regulation of I-2 in Drosophila or human cells leads to chromosome mis-segregation, which is proposed to result from mis-regulation of Aurora B [31,32]. Similarly SDS22 antagonizes Aurora B autophosphorylation, downregulating Aurora B kinase activity [33]. Altho ...
... [28-30]. Down regulation of I-2 in Drosophila or human cells leads to chromosome mis-segregation, which is proposed to result from mis-regulation of Aurora B [31,32]. Similarly SDS22 antagonizes Aurora B autophosphorylation, downregulating Aurora B kinase activity [33]. Altho ...
Organisation of Xenopus oocyte and egg cortices
... 1997), and a number of other species from a wide range of phyla (Eddy, 1975; Wakahara, 1991; Ikenishi, 1998). The Xenopus mitochondrial cloud may be equivalent to similarly structured ‘‘sponge bodies’’ in Drosophila oocytes that also contain RNAs involved both in patterning the embryo and in germ li ...
... 1997), and a number of other species from a wide range of phyla (Eddy, 1975; Wakahara, 1991; Ikenishi, 1998). The Xenopus mitochondrial cloud may be equivalent to similarly structured ‘‘sponge bodies’’ in Drosophila oocytes that also contain RNAs involved both in patterning the embryo and in germ li ...
Arpp19 and Cdc6, two major regulators of the meiotic division
... always made herself available to help and support me even when nothing seemed to be working. She was the best supervisor I could hope for (and surely a better “supervisor” than a “ping pong player ...
... always made herself available to help and support me even when nothing seemed to be working. She was the best supervisor I could hope for (and surely a better “supervisor” than a “ping pong player ...
Cytoskeleton: What Does GTP Do for Septins? Dispatch
... mother and bud. [1]. Septins are also present in metazoan cells, where they are required for cytokinesis in some systems, and implicated in a variety of other processes involving organization of the cell cortex and exocytosis [2–4]. Septins immunopurified from cytosol exist as heteromeric complexes ...
... mother and bud. [1]. Septins are also present in metazoan cells, where they are required for cytokinesis in some systems, and implicated in a variety of other processes involving organization of the cell cortex and exocytosis [2–4]. Septins immunopurified from cytosol exist as heteromeric complexes ...
Microtubule Reconfiguration during Axonal Retraction Induced by
... network. Establishment of the neural network involves both progressive events, which include neurogenesis and axonal outgrowth, and regressive events, which include neuronal death and axonal retraction (Cowan et al., 1984; Bernstein and Lichtman, 1999). Selective retraction of newly formed axons occ ...
... network. Establishment of the neural network involves both progressive events, which include neurogenesis and axonal outgrowth, and regressive events, which include neuronal death and axonal retraction (Cowan et al., 1984; Bernstein and Lichtman, 1999). Selective retraction of newly formed axons occ ...
Research
... to population studies, reproduces mainly by clonal propagation while exhibiting some recombination (Pujol et al., 1993; Gräser et al., 1996; Odds et al., 2007). Nonetheless, phenotypic and genotypic variability can be extensive following growth in vitro or in vivo clonal propagation (Sudbery et al., ...
... to population studies, reproduces mainly by clonal propagation while exhibiting some recombination (Pujol et al., 1993; Gräser et al., 1996; Odds et al., 2007). Nonetheless, phenotypic and genotypic variability can be extensive following growth in vitro or in vivo clonal propagation (Sudbery et al., ...
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... the APC/C triggers substrate degradation by assembling K11-linked ubiquitin chains, the efficient formation of which depends on a surface of ubiquitin, the TEK-box. Strikingly, homologous TEK-boxes are found in APC/C substrates, where they facilitate chain nucleation. We propose that recognition of ...
... the APC/C triggers substrate degradation by assembling K11-linked ubiquitin chains, the efficient formation of which depends on a surface of ubiquitin, the TEK-box. Strikingly, homologous TEK-boxes are found in APC/C substrates, where they facilitate chain nucleation. We propose that recognition of ...
Coordination of microtubule and microfilament dynamics by
... the regulation of ooplasmic streaming by staining oocytes with an antibody specific to the detyrosinated form of !-tubulin (Glu-!-tubulin) that outlines stable microtubules. In wildtype oocytes, Glu-microtubules are restricted to the cortex, and are relatively less abundant at the posterior pole, m ...
... the regulation of ooplasmic streaming by staining oocytes with an antibody specific to the detyrosinated form of !-tubulin (Glu-!-tubulin) that outlines stable microtubules. In wildtype oocytes, Glu-microtubules are restricted to the cortex, and are relatively less abundant at the posterior pole, m ...
Cohesin`s ATPase Activity Couples Cohesin Loading
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
Review The cellular functions of clathrin
... trafficking and mitosis (see below), whereas CHC22 is a 1640-residue protein expressed in skeletal muscle that is not thought to be involved in endocytosis, but may play a role in the organisation of membranes [17]. These proteins are encoded by two genes, CLTC and CLTD, at 17q23.2 and 22q11.21 and ...
... trafficking and mitosis (see below), whereas CHC22 is a 1640-residue protein expressed in skeletal muscle that is not thought to be involved in endocytosis, but may play a role in the organisation of membranes [17]. These proteins are encoded by two genes, CLTC and CLTD, at 17q23.2 and 22q11.21 and ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... from autophagic recognition (see above). These observations indicate that septin cages assemble in certain pathways of actin polymerization, for example, actin polymerization by WASP family proteins (as occurs in the case of Shigella and M. marinum), and/or that a cytosolic source of membrane is req ...
... from autophagic recognition (see above). These observations indicate that septin cages assemble in certain pathways of actin polymerization, for example, actin polymerization by WASP family proteins (as occurs in the case of Shigella and M. marinum), and/or that a cytosolic source of membrane is req ...
Force generation by kinesin and myosin cytoskeletal motor proteins
... conserved motor domain, as well as the N-terminus of the first bstrand of the motor domain. In kinesin family members with an N-terminal motor domain, helix a6 is followed by the neck linker (Kozielski et al., 1997) (Box 1), which has been shown to be crucial for movement (Clancy et al., 2011), wher ...
... conserved motor domain, as well as the N-terminus of the first bstrand of the motor domain. In kinesin family members with an N-terminal motor domain, helix a6 is followed by the neck linker (Kozielski et al., 1997) (Box 1), which has been shown to be crucial for movement (Clancy et al., 2011), wher ...
Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily
... common core nucleotide-binding region with kinesin, but with less structural overlap (six -strands and four -helices). The most striking similarities are seen in the regions directly adjacent to the ADP-binding site, including the Ploop and two other highly conserved motifs, called switch I and sw ...
... common core nucleotide-binding region with kinesin, but with less structural overlap (six -strands and four -helices). The most striking similarities are seen in the regions directly adjacent to the ADP-binding site, including the Ploop and two other highly conserved motifs, called switch I and sw ...
Interaction of Antiparallel Microtubules in the
... vesicles began to accumulate at the division site, long MTs were frequently detected in the phragmoplast formed between two reforming daughter nuclei (Figure 1A). Although many MTs were terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). S ...
... vesicles began to accumulate at the division site, long MTs were frequently detected in the phragmoplast formed between two reforming daughter nuclei (Figure 1A). Although many MTs were terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). S ...
Meiotic Recombination inSchizosaccharomyces pombe: A Paradigm
... formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and 3) the repair of DSBs (Fig. 1). Stages 1 and 2 are meiosis-specific, whereas stage 3 shares many functions with mitotic DNA repair. Stage 1, homolog alignment, involves the clustering of telomeres (“bouquet” formation) and the movement of the nucleus ...
... formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and 3) the repair of DSBs (Fig. 1). Stages 1 and 2 are meiosis-specific, whereas stage 3 shares many functions with mitotic DNA repair. Stage 1, homolog alignment, involves the clustering of telomeres (“bouquet” formation) and the movement of the nucleus ...
Local chromosome context is a major determinant of crossover
... Lichten, 2001a; McMahill et al., 2007) and is suggested to be the predominant HR pathway in mitotic cells (Bzymek et al., 2010; McGill et al., 1989). Most of the remaining events are repaired by a meiosis-specific CO pathway, in which an ensemble of meiotic proteins, called the ZMM proteins, stabili ...
... Lichten, 2001a; McMahill et al., 2007) and is suggested to be the predominant HR pathway in mitotic cells (Bzymek et al., 2010; McGill et al., 1989). Most of the remaining events are repaired by a meiosis-specific CO pathway, in which an ensemble of meiotic proteins, called the ZMM proteins, stabili ...
New Functions of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase in the Nervous System
... system [41], suffered defects in neuronal progenitor accumulation cerebrospinal fluid the The phenotype of these embryo-restricted cdh1cells, knockout miceofresembles that ofinmicrocephaly. brain cavities, and death. In cdh1-depleted neuronal progenitors, replicative stress induces p53Interestingly, ...
... system [41], suffered defects in neuronal progenitor accumulation cerebrospinal fluid the The phenotype of these embryo-restricted cdh1cells, knockout miceofresembles that ofinmicrocephaly. brain cavities, and death. In cdh1-depleted neuronal progenitors, replicative stress induces p53Interestingly, ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.