Improper chromosome synapsis is associated with
... 1998), SPO11 is dispensable for homologous chromosome synapsis but is still required for meiotic recombination. Thus, we cannot generalize about the relationship between homologous synapsis and recombination. However, there may be a relationship between recombination and homologous pairing. In mice ...
... 1998), SPO11 is dispensable for homologous chromosome synapsis but is still required for meiotic recombination. Thus, we cannot generalize about the relationship between homologous synapsis and recombination. However, there may be a relationship between recombination and homologous pairing. In mice ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... gave values of 1353 ⫾ 255 AmtB molecules of trimer/cell (2.7 ⫾ 0.5 ng of AmtB/g of total cell protein) and 11,387 ⫾ 2398 GlnK molecules of trimer/cell (6.7 ⫾ 1.4 ng of GlnK/g of total cell protein). Thus, the in vivo stoichiometric ratio of AmtB to GlnK is ⬃1:8 in E. coli. Conditions for GlnK Memb ...
... gave values of 1353 ⫾ 255 AmtB molecules of trimer/cell (2.7 ⫾ 0.5 ng of AmtB/g of total cell protein) and 11,387 ⫾ 2398 GlnK molecules of trimer/cell (6.7 ⫾ 1.4 ng of GlnK/g of total cell protein). Thus, the in vivo stoichiometric ratio of AmtB to GlnK is ⬃1:8 in E. coli. Conditions for GlnK Memb ...
In Vitro Assays Demonstrate That Pollen Tube Organelles Use
... Different conditions were used during the in vitro motility assays to study the molecular basis of the movement of pollen tube organelles along microtubules. Table 1 summarizes the components used in each motility assay. In vitro motility assays were performed by preattaching microtubules to the cov ...
... Different conditions were used during the in vitro motility assays to study the molecular basis of the movement of pollen tube organelles along microtubules. Table 1 summarizes the components used in each motility assay. In vitro motility assays were performed by preattaching microtubules to the cov ...
A Review of Centriole Activity, and Wrongful Activity, during Cell
... nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. The result of this process, known as “cytokinesis”, is then two twin-like cells. The mitotic process is freque ...
... nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. The result of this process, known as “cytokinesis”, is then two twin-like cells. The mitotic process is freque ...
Flamingo controls the planar polarity of sensory
... localization of Fmi at the cell–cell boundary was also affected in fz and dsh mutant backgrounds [5]. Therefore, the proper recruitment of Fmi from the cytoplasm to the cell–cell boundary depends on Fz signaling. It has been shown that Dsh can be selectively recruited to the membrane by Fz but not b ...
... localization of Fmi at the cell–cell boundary was also affected in fz and dsh mutant backgrounds [5]. Therefore, the proper recruitment of Fmi from the cytoplasm to the cell–cell boundary depends on Fz signaling. It has been shown that Dsh can be selectively recruited to the membrane by Fz but not b ...
Microtubule Independent Vesiculation of Golgi Membranes and the
... Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the pericentriolar region of the cell. This process is observed in >95 % of the cells, is energy dependent, occurs at 37°C and does not require protein synthesis (Takizawa et al., 1993). In the presence of IQ, transport of newly sy ...
... Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the pericentriolar region of the cell. This process is observed in >95 % of the cells, is energy dependent, occurs at 37°C and does not require protein synthesis (Takizawa et al., 1993). In the presence of IQ, transport of newly sy ...
Plasma Membrane Ghosts Form Differently When Produced from
... (Fig. 3A) but there were no microtubules (Fig. 3C). Pretreatment with taxol did not result in the modification of the actin pattern on these ghosts (Fig. 4A), nor result in the preservation of any microtubules (Fig. 4C). Type II ghosts contained different actin domains. Most type II ghosts had a rou ...
... (Fig. 3A) but there were no microtubules (Fig. 3C). Pretreatment with taxol did not result in the modification of the actin pattern on these ghosts (Fig. 4A), nor result in the preservation of any microtubules (Fig. 4C). Type II ghosts contained different actin domains. Most type II ghosts had a rou ...
pdf, 1.1 MB - The Nebenführ Lab
... persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosi ...
... persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosi ...
Cenp-A Presence in Drosophila - Institute of Molecular Life Sciences
... remain interconnected within each cyst, is extensively remodeled. Nucleosomes are massively replaced with sperm-specific proteins such as protamines and the genetic material is highly compacted (200-fold) into a needle-shaped sperm head [26]. After complete elongation of the sperm tails, mature sper ...
... remain interconnected within each cyst, is extensively remodeled. Nucleosomes are massively replaced with sperm-specific proteins such as protamines and the genetic material is highly compacted (200-fold) into a needle-shaped sperm head [26]. After complete elongation of the sperm tails, mature sper ...
Dynamics of a=Tubulin Deacetylation in Intact Neurons
... for P-tubulin, total or-tubulin, acetylated ol-tubulin, or the middle-molecular-weight neurofilament protein. The antibody against P-tubulin was obtained from Amersham Corp. (Arlington Heights, IL). The general cu-tubulin antibody (that is, the antibody recognizing both acetylated and nonacetylated ...
... for P-tubulin, total or-tubulin, acetylated ol-tubulin, or the middle-molecular-weight neurofilament protein. The antibody against P-tubulin was obtained from Amersham Corp. (Arlington Heights, IL). The general cu-tubulin antibody (that is, the antibody recognizing both acetylated and nonacetylated ...
Molecular - College of Biological Sciences
... Supernumerary centrosomes promote the assembly of abnormal mitotic spindles in many human tumors. In human cells, overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2 partner cyclin A during a prolonged S phase produces extra centrosomes, called centrosome reduplication. Cdk2 activity protects the M ...
... Supernumerary centrosomes promote the assembly of abnormal mitotic spindles in many human tumors. In human cells, overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2 partner cyclin A during a prolonged S phase produces extra centrosomes, called centrosome reduplication. Cdk2 activity protects the M ...
Repeat motifs of tau bind to the insides of microtubules in the
... three tubulin dimers (~3.3 mM 3R-tau to 10 mM tubulin dimers) (Figure 2C). At higher ratios, the gradient of the curve is less steep, indicating weaker binding (~10±6 M). Strong binding of 4R-tau persisted as far as one tau molecule per two to three tubulin dimers (~4 mM 4R-tau to 10 mM tubulin dime ...
... three tubulin dimers (~3.3 mM 3R-tau to 10 mM tubulin dimers) (Figure 2C). At higher ratios, the gradient of the curve is less steep, indicating weaker binding (~10±6 M). Strong binding of 4R-tau persisted as far as one tau molecule per two to three tubulin dimers (~4 mM 4R-tau to 10 mM tubulin dime ...
S7.Cell Signaling-β-catenin pathway homework
... 2. What is the molecular function of β-catenin itself? Apart from its role in adherens junctions, β-catenin is a transcriptional coactivator. β-catenin has a transactivation domain, but does not have a DNA binding domain, and so it activates transcription through binding to transcription factors suc ...
... 2. What is the molecular function of β-catenin itself? Apart from its role in adherens junctions, β-catenin is a transcriptional coactivator. β-catenin has a transactivation domain, but does not have a DNA binding domain, and so it activates transcription through binding to transcription factors suc ...
Lecture 06, case study - Taxol - Cal State LA
... them to proliferate and eventually metastasize, spreading throughout the body and causing inevitable death Small molecules that are selectively toxic to dividing cells have potential as anti-cancer drugs, by killing tumor cells but not most cells of the body ...
... them to proliferate and eventually metastasize, spreading throughout the body and causing inevitable death Small molecules that are selectively toxic to dividing cells have potential as anti-cancer drugs, by killing tumor cells but not most cells of the body ...
The Ph1 Locus Suppresses Cdk2-Type Activity during Premeiosis
... each of the replication stages that we categorized, in the presence and absence of Ph1. These whole anther sections typically contain between four and eight meiocytes, surrounded by the tapetal cell layer. The total number of meiocytes scored using 3D images stacks within these anther sections was 6 ...
... each of the replication stages that we categorized, in the presence and absence of Ph1. These whole anther sections typically contain between four and eight meiocytes, surrounded by the tapetal cell layer. The total number of meiocytes scored using 3D images stacks within these anther sections was 6 ...
Meiotic and Mitotic Recombination in Meiosis
... types of DNA damage, especially double-strand breaks. Meiotic crossovers likewise are initiated from double-strand breaks, and many of the proteins used in mitotic repair are also used in meiotic recombination. This has led to the suggestion that meiotic recombination evolved from mitotic recombinat ...
... types of DNA damage, especially double-strand breaks. Meiotic crossovers likewise are initiated from double-strand breaks, and many of the proteins used in mitotic repair are also used in meiotic recombination. This has led to the suggestion that meiotic recombination evolved from mitotic recombinat ...
Volume 94, issue 2 July 2011 ...
... potential mechanisms of how forces could translate into changes of cellular physiology and signaling as well as the question whether a universal mechanism of axonal elongation exists across different species. 2. Forces and axonal elongation 2.1. Forces cause axons to grow It is utterly remarkable th ...
... potential mechanisms of how forces could translate into changes of cellular physiology and signaling as well as the question whether a universal mechanism of axonal elongation exists across different species. 2. Forces and axonal elongation 2.1. Forces cause axons to grow It is utterly remarkable th ...
How cohesin and CTCF cooperate in regulating gene expression
... activated only once all chromosomes have been bioriented and the spindle checkpoint has become inactive. Separase then cleaves the Scc1 subunit of ...
... activated only once all chromosomes have been bioriented and the spindle checkpoint has become inactive. Separase then cleaves the Scc1 subunit of ...
Nuclear-fallout, a Drosophila protein that cycles from the cytoplasm
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
Chromosome Dynamics in Meiotic Prophase I in
... studies have not been conducted until very recently, because isolated meiocytes in these species cannot be easily cultured during prophase I [Chan and Cande, 2000]. Meiocytes at later stages, metaphase I and anaphase I, are more amenable to culturing, a feature that was used by Yu and colleagues [19 ...
... studies have not been conducted until very recently, because isolated meiocytes in these species cannot be easily cultured during prophase I [Chan and Cande, 2000]. Meiocytes at later stages, metaphase I and anaphase I, are more amenable to culturing, a feature that was used by Yu and colleagues [19 ...
Levels of Ycg1 Limit Condensin Function during the Cell Cycle
... Ycg1 protein and transcript levels are cell cycle-regulated Although the budding yeast condensin complex associates with chromatin throughout the cell cycle [6,7,15,17], its activity increases substantially during mitosis. Previous reports have shown that this change in activity is due in part to in ...
... Ycg1 protein and transcript levels are cell cycle-regulated Although the budding yeast condensin complex associates with chromatin throughout the cell cycle [6,7,15,17], its activity increases substantially during mitosis. Previous reports have shown that this change in activity is due in part to in ...
Molecular Microbiology
... be essential to answer the question whether rhicadhesinmediated attachment is indeed a prerequisite for nodulation. However, analogies with the Agrobaeterium situation suggest that rhicadhesin might indeed be essential for nodulation ability of Rhizobium bacteria. This approach might enable us to ov ...
... be essential to answer the question whether rhicadhesinmediated attachment is indeed a prerequisite for nodulation. However, analogies with the Agrobaeterium situation suggest that rhicadhesin might indeed be essential for nodulation ability of Rhizobium bacteria. This approach might enable us to ov ...
The SR Protein SRp38 Represses Splicing in M Phase Cells
... functions such that any single SR protein is able to cooperate with the remainder of the splicing machinery to activate splicing in vitro. For this function, sequencespecific interactions with the pre-mRNA likely play a minimal role and instead, cooperative, RS domain-mediated protein-protein intera ...
... functions such that any single SR protein is able to cooperate with the remainder of the splicing machinery to activate splicing in vitro. For this function, sequencespecific interactions with the pre-mRNA likely play a minimal role and instead, cooperative, RS domain-mediated protein-protein intera ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... the extract during the course of the immunoprecipitation experiment (data not shown). In a reciprocal experiment (Fig. 1B and C), all the known components of the SMN complex, namely, SMN, Gemin2, Gemin3, Gemin4, Gemin5, and Gemin6, were coimmunoprecipitated from the cytoplasm in an RNA-dependent man ...
... the extract during the course of the immunoprecipitation experiment (data not shown). In a reciprocal experiment (Fig. 1B and C), all the known components of the SMN complex, namely, SMN, Gemin2, Gemin3, Gemin4, Gemin5, and Gemin6, were coimmunoprecipitated from the cytoplasm in an RNA-dependent man ...
Communications between Mitochondria, the Nucleus, Vacuoles
... and lipid droplets (LD), and LD and peroxisomes (Figure 1). The intracellular concentrations of such metabolites and/or the rates of their movement between cellular compartments undergo age-related changes. In our model, different changes of the key metabolites are temporally restricted to several l ...
... and lipid droplets (LD), and LD and peroxisomes (Figure 1). The intracellular concentrations of such metabolites and/or the rates of their movement between cellular compartments undergo age-related changes. In our model, different changes of the key metabolites are temporally restricted to several l ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.