Asymmetric Cell Divisions: Zygotes of Fucoid Algae as a
... uppermost cell in this file becomes part of the root meristem and the remaining cells form the suspensor, a structure that attaches the embryo to the ovule (Laux et al. 2004; Souter and Lindsey 2000; Torres-Ruiz 2004). Although the developmental pattern that is set up by the first zygotic cell divisio ...
... uppermost cell in this file becomes part of the root meristem and the remaining cells form the suspensor, a structure that attaches the embryo to the ovule (Laux et al. 2004; Souter and Lindsey 2000; Torres-Ruiz 2004). Although the developmental pattern that is set up by the first zygotic cell divisio ...
Roles of CDK and DDK in Genome Duplication and
... In contrast to the requirement for CDK, much less is known about the profile of DDK activity, despite its key functions in distinct steps of the cell cycle. Nevertheless, an analogy may be made to the quantitative model for CDK. In mitotic cycles, the DDK (Cdc7 in most organisms, Hsk1 in the fission ...
... In contrast to the requirement for CDK, much less is known about the profile of DDK activity, despite its key functions in distinct steps of the cell cycle. Nevertheless, an analogy may be made to the quantitative model for CDK. In mitotic cycles, the DDK (Cdc7 in most organisms, Hsk1 in the fission ...
Control of cell cycle transcription during G1 and S phases
... Cells commit to enter a new cell cycle during G1 by activating cyclin–CDK-dependent transcription (FIG. 1). G1–S transcriptional activation during late G1 promotes entry into S phase after which expression is turned off. This creates a wave of transcription, which peaks at the G1‑to‑S transition (BO ...
... Cells commit to enter a new cell cycle during G1 by activating cyclin–CDK-dependent transcription (FIG. 1). G1–S transcriptional activation during late G1 promotes entry into S phase after which expression is turned off. This creates a wave of transcription, which peaks at the G1‑to‑S transition (BO ...
The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome: a
... on the ubiquitin ligase (E3) activity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C is a 1.5-MDa protein complex that is found in the nucleus of interphase cells, and that spreads throughout the cytoplasm and associates with parts of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, ...
... on the ubiquitin ligase (E3) activity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C is a 1.5-MDa protein complex that is found in the nucleus of interphase cells, and that spreads throughout the cytoplasm and associates with parts of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, ...
PDF
... revealed that these processes rely on an evolutionarily conserved force generator complex located at the cell cortex. This complex anchors the motor protein dynein, thus allowing cortical pulling forces to be exerted on astral microtubules emanating from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Here, ...
... revealed that these processes rely on an evolutionarily conserved force generator complex located at the cell cortex. This complex anchors the motor protein dynein, thus allowing cortical pulling forces to be exerted on astral microtubules emanating from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Here, ...
the Cytoskeleton in Plant Development1
... shown to be the target of calcium-dependent kinase cascades (Smertenko et at., 19981120]). Other proteins, such as EF-la (Collings et at., 1994121]), are supposed to bundle actin microfilaments — since this protein has also been isolated as a microtubule-bundling protein (Durso and Cyr, 1994]25]) it ...
... shown to be the target of calcium-dependent kinase cascades (Smertenko et at., 19981120]). Other proteins, such as EF-la (Collings et at., 1994121]), are supposed to bundle actin microfilaments — since this protein has also been isolated as a microtubule-bundling protein (Durso and Cyr, 1994]25]) it ...
RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondria
... tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). We transformed plants harboring a putative null mutation in this enzyme with DCP2–GFP and obtained lines indistinguishable from the wild type, which we used for imaging. A similar approach has been used by others to image P-bodies (Xu et al. 2006, Iwasaki ...
... tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). We transformed plants harboring a putative null mutation in this enzyme with DCP2–GFP and obtained lines indistinguishable from the wild type, which we used for imaging. A similar approach has been used by others to image P-bodies (Xu et al. 2006, Iwasaki ...
Abstract Importance Structure of Primary Cilia A B Functional Kif3B
... causes Kif3B to change its shape and move up the microtubules. Cilia development depends on the movement of materials into the cilia, and research indicates that if Kif3B is not functioning, cilia formation will not occur properly. Diseases called ciliopathies result if primary cilia production is a ...
... causes Kif3B to change its shape and move up the microtubules. Cilia development depends on the movement of materials into the cilia, and research indicates that if Kif3B is not functioning, cilia formation will not occur properly. Diseases called ciliopathies result if primary cilia production is a ...
RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi
... First, we ascertained whether long-distance P-body movement depended on actin. In seedlings treated with 2 mM latrunculin B, long-distance P-body movements were suppressed if not abolished (Fig. 1B, Supplementary Video S2). Next, we checked the relationship between microtubules and P-body motility, ...
... First, we ascertained whether long-distance P-body movement depended on actin. In seedlings treated with 2 mM latrunculin B, long-distance P-body movements were suppressed if not abolished (Fig. 1B, Supplementary Video S2). Next, we checked the relationship between microtubules and P-body motility, ...
Slow axonal transport and the genesis of neuronal morphology
... of motor protein. This was particularly worrisome because the motors that move cytoskeletal polymers must be abundant along the length of the axon, and it seemed increasingly unlikely over the years that entirely new motors of such abundance were likely to be discovered, particularly with the genome ...
... of motor protein. This was particularly worrisome because the motors that move cytoskeletal polymers must be abundant along the length of the axon, and it seemed increasingly unlikely over the years that entirely new motors of such abundance were likely to be discovered, particularly with the genome ...
Chapter ONE - VU Research Portal
... (Laoukili et al., 2008; Major et al., 2004). Once cyclin B-Cdk1 complexes are formed during G2 phase, they are kept inactive by phosphorylation of the Thr14 and Tyr15 residues located in the ATP binding site of Cdk1 (Gould and Nurse, 1989; Mueller et al., 1995; reviewed in Lindqvist, 2009; O’Farrel ...
... (Laoukili et al., 2008; Major et al., 2004). Once cyclin B-Cdk1 complexes are formed during G2 phase, they are kept inactive by phosphorylation of the Thr14 and Tyr15 residues located in the ATP binding site of Cdk1 (Gould and Nurse, 1989; Mueller et al., 1995; reviewed in Lindqvist, 2009; O’Farrel ...
The Type II Arabidopsis Formin14 Interacts with Microtubules and
... characterization of nerve growth cone guidance (Tanaka et al., 1995; Dent and Gertler, 2003). In plant cells, microtubules and microfilaments are often codistributed in the cortical area in interphase cells (Blancaflor, 2000) and colocalize in structures, such as the preprophase band, mitotic spindl ...
... characterization of nerve growth cone guidance (Tanaka et al., 1995; Dent and Gertler, 2003). In plant cells, microtubules and microfilaments are often codistributed in the cortical area in interphase cells (Blancaflor, 2000) and colocalize in structures, such as the preprophase band, mitotic spindl ...
1 Sister chromatids are often incompletely cohesed
... Cohesins are not randomly distributed along chromosomes but rather located at specific loci. In yeast, these loci are represented mainly by intergenic A+T-rich regions and also by telomeric and centromeric regions. The average extension of cohesion sites is 0.8 – 1.0 kb (Blat and Kleckner 1999; Lal ...
... Cohesins are not randomly distributed along chromosomes but rather located at specific loci. In yeast, these loci are represented mainly by intergenic A+T-rich regions and also by telomeric and centromeric regions. The average extension of cohesion sites is 0.8 – 1.0 kb (Blat and Kleckner 1999; Lal ...
A Biological Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Response to Osmotic
... Cell cycle oscillations and transitions from one phase to the next are caused by the activation and inactivation of a complex that is composed of two main subunits: a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit (see Fig. 2.1). A catalytic subunit – Cyclindependent kinase (Cdk) – forms a dimer with a ...
... Cell cycle oscillations and transitions from one phase to the next are caused by the activation and inactivation of a complex that is composed of two main subunits: a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit (see Fig. 2.1). A catalytic subunit – Cyclindependent kinase (Cdk) – forms a dimer with a ...
Rapid Movement of Microtubules in Axons
... To visualize tubulin in axons, we injected rhodaminelabeled tubulin into the cell bodies of cultured rat sympathetic neurons 2–5 hr after plating and then observed the cells 2–24 hr later. To determine the extent of the incorporation of the rhodamine-labeled tubulin into microtubules, we visualized ...
... To visualize tubulin in axons, we injected rhodaminelabeled tubulin into the cell bodies of cultured rat sympathetic neurons 2–5 hr after plating and then observed the cells 2–24 hr later. To determine the extent of the incorporation of the rhodamine-labeled tubulin into microtubules, we visualized ...
Quantitative analysis of changes in spatial distribution and plus
... The effect of cell-plate assembly matrix association on microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The hi ...
... The effect of cell-plate assembly matrix association on microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The hi ...
POM-POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE
... To gain more knowledge about components that may affect cell morphogenesis and cellulose production, we characterized and cloned the gene responsible for pom2 (Hauser et al., 1995), which displays microtubule and cell elongation related defects. POM2 is allelic to CSI1, and fluorescently labeled POM ...
... To gain more knowledge about components that may affect cell morphogenesis and cellulose production, we characterized and cloned the gene responsible for pom2 (Hauser et al., 1995), which displays microtubule and cell elongation related defects. POM2 is allelic to CSI1, and fluorescently labeled POM ...
Tansley review - Professor Gero Steinberg
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
Inducing chromosome pairing through premature condensation
... timing of chromosome condensation may be important in controlling the pairing of related chromosomes. Is it possible to induce early chromosome condensation during meiosis and hence phenocopy the Ph1 effect? CDKs phosphorylate proteins on serine and threonine amino acid residues and are involved in ...
... timing of chromosome condensation may be important in controlling the pairing of related chromosomes. Is it possible to induce early chromosome condensation during meiosis and hence phenocopy the Ph1 effect? CDKs phosphorylate proteins on serine and threonine amino acid residues and are involved in ...
Nucleolar targeting of BN46/51 - Journal of Cell Science
... basal bodies form or as the flagellar axoneme elongates, but BN46/51 appears when the cytoplasmic microtubule complex elongates from the basal body region. When flagellates spontaneously revert to amebae with the abrupt loss of the CMT, BN46/51 disappears from the cytoplasm, although the nucleolar c ...
... basal bodies form or as the flagellar axoneme elongates, but BN46/51 appears when the cytoplasmic microtubule complex elongates from the basal body region. When flagellates spontaneously revert to amebae with the abrupt loss of the CMT, BN46/51 disappears from the cytoplasm, although the nucleolar c ...
elsevier first proof - University of Leicester
... His book, Recent Advances in Cytology (Darlington, 1932), p0030 was a remarkable synthesis of large amounts of data about chromosomes in mitosis and interphase, from plants and animals, organizing disparate observational data about the nucleus, although the interpretive statements in it were widely ...
... His book, Recent Advances in Cytology (Darlington, 1932), p0030 was a remarkable synthesis of large amounts of data about chromosomes in mitosis and interphase, from plants and animals, organizing disparate observational data about the nucleus, although the interpretive statements in it were widely ...
Polarity and cell division orientation in the cleavage embryo: from
... 2011; Zhu et al., 2011), suggesting that Insc recruits Pins to the membrane, but then it has to pass it to Mud. This does not necessarily remove Pins from the apical cortex, as Pins may interact with cortical subunits Ga. Once bound to Mud, Pins can exert pulling forces on astral spindle microtubule ...
... 2011; Zhu et al., 2011), suggesting that Insc recruits Pins to the membrane, but then it has to pass it to Mud. This does not necessarily remove Pins from the apical cortex, as Pins may interact with cortical subunits Ga. Once bound to Mud, Pins can exert pulling forces on astral spindle microtubule ...
New Views on the Plant Cytoskeleton
... consistent with the fact that 20 formin-homology genes are present in the Arabidopsis genome (Deeks et al., 2002). Indeed, overexpression in pollen suggests that formin may initiate the formation of bundled actin microfilaments (Cheung and Wu, 2004). Remodeling the actin cytoskeleton and regulating ...
... consistent with the fact that 20 formin-homology genes are present in the Arabidopsis genome (Deeks et al., 2002). Indeed, overexpression in pollen suggests that formin may initiate the formation of bundled actin microfilaments (Cheung and Wu, 2004). Remodeling the actin cytoskeleton and regulating ...
Coca Cola
... and the filament will treadmill, which will facilitate continuous growth at the (+) end ADP/ATP exchange Significance ?! slide 10 & 52 ...
... and the filament will treadmill, which will facilitate continuous growth at the (+) end ADP/ATP exchange Significance ?! slide 10 & 52 ...
Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells
... Geoffrey O Wasteneys Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils ...
... Geoffrey O Wasteneys Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.