Does Crossover Interference Count in
... its S. cerevisiae homolog, MSH4. In both yeast and C. elegans, msh4/him-14 mutations reduce crossing over, apparently without affecting the formation or final level of repair of DSBs (Ross-Macdonald and Roeder 1994; Novak et al. 2001; Colaiácovo et al. 2003). In C. elegans, however, him-14 mutation ...
... its S. cerevisiae homolog, MSH4. In both yeast and C. elegans, msh4/him-14 mutations reduce crossing over, apparently without affecting the formation or final level of repair of DSBs (Ross-Macdonald and Roeder 1994; Novak et al. 2001; Colaiácovo et al. 2003). In C. elegans, however, him-14 mutation ...
Maize meiotic mutants with improper or non
... unsynapsed regions in nuclei are associated with interlocks, suggesting that the resolution of interlocks between intertwined non-homologous chromosomes may be a rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. By end of pachytene, all interlocks are resolved in wild-type meiocytes. The ultrastructure of th ...
... unsynapsed regions in nuclei are associated with interlocks, suggesting that the resolution of interlocks between intertwined non-homologous chromosomes may be a rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. By end of pachytene, all interlocks are resolved in wild-type meiocytes. The ultrastructure of th ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... Apparently, microtubules support two separate developmental pathways in trichomes, but little is known about the associated molecular components. In this study, we use the phenotype of tor2 trichomes to better understand the apparently separate branching and cell elongation functions of microtubules ...
... Apparently, microtubules support two separate developmental pathways in trichomes, but little is known about the associated molecular components. In this study, we use the phenotype of tor2 trichomes to better understand the apparently separate branching and cell elongation functions of microtubules ...
Dispersal of Golgi matrix proteins during mitotic Golgi
... mannosidase II in green and GRASP65 in red. Metaphase cells were also costained with antibodies against TGN38 and giantin, and the merge shows TGN38 in green and giantin in red. All images shown are summed projections that were thresholded to isolate mitotic Golgi cluster staining from vesicular haz ...
... mannosidase II in green and GRASP65 in red. Metaphase cells were also costained with antibodies against TGN38 and giantin, and the merge shows TGN38 in green and giantin in red. All images shown are summed projections that were thresholded to isolate mitotic Golgi cluster staining from vesicular haz ...
Running Head: Superresolution of cortical
... at video rates (Marc et al., 1998; Shaw et al., 2013). However, the bulk of plant cells organized ...
... at video rates (Marc et al., 1998; Shaw et al., 2013). However, the bulk of plant cells organized ...
Effects of cytochalasin B on meiosis and development of fertilized
... Cytochalasin B seems not to be very harmful to the egg. However, in some eggs we found that cytoplasmic extrusions developed in the perivitelline space. These appear to remain bound by a membrane, as there is no yolk dispersion in the perivitelline space and as they can be resorbed more or less comp ...
... Cytochalasin B seems not to be very harmful to the egg. However, in some eggs we found that cytoplasmic extrusions developed in the perivitelline space. These appear to remain bound by a membrane, as there is no yolk dispersion in the perivitelline space and as they can be resorbed more or less comp ...
Spatial Relationship between Transcription Sites and Chromosome
... intensely labeled areas. Strikingly, newly synthesized and nascent RNA was preferentially present in interchromatin areas within chromosome territories. These interchromatin areas contain little or no DNA. Since in situ hybridization involves relatively harsh conditions, we also analyzed the relatio ...
... intensely labeled areas. Strikingly, newly synthesized and nascent RNA was preferentially present in interchromatin areas within chromosome territories. These interchromatin areas contain little or no DNA. Since in situ hybridization involves relatively harsh conditions, we also analyzed the relatio ...
The 14-3-3 gene par-5 is required for germline development and
... distinct because only PAR-5 is expressed in the germline (Wang and Shakes, 1997). Caenorhabditis elegans 14-3-3 proteins have been linked to lifespan extension and the stress response (upon oxidative and heat stimuli) by interacting with SIR2.1 deacetylase and the forkhead transcription factor, DAF- ...
... distinct because only PAR-5 is expressed in the germline (Wang and Shakes, 1997). Caenorhabditis elegans 14-3-3 proteins have been linked to lifespan extension and the stress response (upon oxidative and heat stimuli) by interacting with SIR2.1 deacetylase and the forkhead transcription factor, DAF- ...
A PP2A-B55 recognition signal controls substrate
... 2010; Ferrell, 2013), how individual substrates for the same pathway are differentially regulated is still poorly understood. It has long been known that mitotic kinases, substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, and many other regulatory enzymes have specific linear recognition motifs ...
... 2010; Ferrell, 2013), how individual substrates for the same pathway are differentially regulated is still poorly understood. It has long been known that mitotic kinases, substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, and many other regulatory enzymes have specific linear recognition motifs ...
Conserved features of cohesin binding along
... of binding. In addition, the fission yeast heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ortholog, Swi6, acts to enrich cohesin at centromeres and telomeres [15,16]. Swi6 interacts with cohesin, and it has been suggested that it is also involved in cohesin recruitment to convergent sites along chromosome arms [17 ...
... of binding. In addition, the fission yeast heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ortholog, Swi6, acts to enrich cohesin at centromeres and telomeres [15,16]. Swi6 interacts with cohesin, and it has been suggested that it is also involved in cohesin recruitment to convergent sites along chromosome arms [17 ...
7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wall fibers. This is consistent with the biophysical explanation that transverse stress, which is twice the longitudinal force in an expanding cylinder, must be resisted by transverse hoop-reinforcement. Thi ...
... Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wall fibers. This is consistent with the biophysical explanation that transverse stress, which is twice the longitudinal force in an expanding cylinder, must be resisted by transverse hoop-reinforcement. Thi ...
Dynamics of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Sizers, and Timers
... synthesize the factors necessary for further progression through the cell cycle, as well as increase its mass in preparation for the subsequent division. In late G1, a restriction point (R point) is present. Once the cell passes this point, growth factors are no longer necessary to complete the cycl ...
... synthesize the factors necessary for further progression through the cell cycle, as well as increase its mass in preparation for the subsequent division. In late G1, a restriction point (R point) is present. Once the cell passes this point, growth factors are no longer necessary to complete the cycl ...
The relative roles of specific N- and C
... formation of stable dimers and tetramers, deletion experiments illustrate the importance of end domains in the construction of higher order IF structures (Fuchs and Weber, 1994). In normal cells, the involvement of end domains in the process of IF structural dynamics is most likely mediated by prote ...
... formation of stable dimers and tetramers, deletion experiments illustrate the importance of end domains in the construction of higher order IF structures (Fuchs and Weber, 1994). In normal cells, the involvement of end domains in the process of IF structural dynamics is most likely mediated by prote ...
Microtubules Contribute to Tubule Elongation and
... the actin-associated motor proteins (myosins; Prokhnevsky et al., 2008; Peremyslov et al., 2010; Ueda et al., 2010). However, it had generally been thought that microtubules are not involved in ER organization in plants, because microtubule-depolymerizing drugs do not induce obvious changes in the E ...
... the actin-associated motor proteins (myosins; Prokhnevsky et al., 2008; Peremyslov et al., 2010; Ueda et al., 2010). However, it had generally been thought that microtubules are not involved in ER organization in plants, because microtubule-depolymerizing drugs do not induce obvious changes in the E ...
Centromere Stability: The Replication Connection
... replication in the centromere may also be linked to the recruitment of cohesin in this domain, which is essential for proper segregation (discussed below). 3.3. Genome Stress in the Centromere The heterochromatic pericentromere has been associated with replication stress-induced breaks and rearrange ...
... replication in the centromere may also be linked to the recruitment of cohesin in this domain, which is essential for proper segregation (discussed below). 3.3. Genome Stress in the Centromere The heterochromatic pericentromere has been associated with replication stress-induced breaks and rearrange ...
In Vivo Release of Mitotic Silencing of Ribosomal Gene
... Penman, 1971). The timing of these events suggests a link with cell cycle controls that could be mediated by the cdc2–cyclin B kinase pathway. Moreover, recent results obtained in vitro have shown that mitotic silencing of rDNA transcription is most probably due to cdc2–cyclin B kinase–directed phos ...
... Penman, 1971). The timing of these events suggests a link with cell cycle controls that could be mediated by the cdc2–cyclin B kinase pathway. Moreover, recent results obtained in vitro have shown that mitotic silencing of rDNA transcription is most probably due to cdc2–cyclin B kinase–directed phos ...
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under
... ABSTRACT Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs) divide asymmetrically, balancing selfrenewal and differentiation. Although asymmetric stem cell division balances between selfrenewal and differentiation, it does not dictate how frequently differentiating cells must be produced. In male GSCs, asy ...
... ABSTRACT Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs) divide asymmetrically, balancing selfrenewal and differentiation. Although asymmetric stem cell division balances between selfrenewal and differentiation, it does not dictate how frequently differentiating cells must be produced. In male GSCs, asy ...
Pericentriolar material structure and dynamics
... on SPD-5 localization [16]. These data suggest that PLK-1 drives the assembly of the core structure of the mitotic PCM scaffold, whereas Aurora A stimulates the addition of downstream effector molecules like MAPs to the scaffold. Interestingly, the requirement for kinase activity to drive PCM expans ...
... on SPD-5 localization [16]. These data suggest that PLK-1 drives the assembly of the core structure of the mitotic PCM scaffold, whereas Aurora A stimulates the addition of downstream effector molecules like MAPs to the scaffold. Interestingly, the requirement for kinase activity to drive PCM expans ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
... execute these fundamental processes often leads to cell death. However, it can also lead to cells acquiring the wrong number of chromosomes, i.e. aneuploidy, which is a hallmark of cancer cells. Knowledge of how chromosomes are organized and maintained is therefore important not only to understand t ...
... execute these fundamental processes often leads to cell death. However, it can also lead to cells acquiring the wrong number of chromosomes, i.e. aneuploidy, which is a hallmark of cancer cells. Knowledge of how chromosomes are organized and maintained is therefore important not only to understand t ...
Different Doses of the Enhanced UV
... Wheat is one of the earliest soil cultivation crops, which is widely distributed in the world; it also provides for a basic food for people globally [1]. Plants as sessile organisms that require sunlight to grow and develop, are inevitably exposed to ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (200 - 400 nm), whic ...
... Wheat is one of the earliest soil cultivation crops, which is widely distributed in the world; it also provides for a basic food for people globally [1]. Plants as sessile organisms that require sunlight to grow and develop, are inevitably exposed to ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (200 - 400 nm), whic ...
Golgi clusters and vesicles mediate mitotic inheritance
... 1996). During mitosis, they suggest that these perturbations partition the Golgi membranes by fusing it with the ER. They present evidence showing that almost all the mitotic Golgi fragments fuse with the ER during prometaphase/ metaphase and reemerge during telophase to rebuild the Golgi apparatus ...
... 1996). During mitosis, they suggest that these perturbations partition the Golgi membranes by fusing it with the ER. They present evidence showing that almost all the mitotic Golgi fragments fuse with the ER during prometaphase/ metaphase and reemerge during telophase to rebuild the Golgi apparatus ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
Targeting of A. thaliana KNL2 to centromeres
... localization of the centromere-specific histone cenH3. Our study revealed a cenH3 nucleosomebinding CENPC-k motif at the C-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana KNL2, which is conserved among a wide spectrum of eukaryotes. Centromeric localization of KNL2 is abolished by deletion of the CENPC-k motif and ...
... localization of the centromere-specific histone cenH3. Our study revealed a cenH3 nucleosomebinding CENPC-k motif at the C-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana KNL2, which is conserved among a wide spectrum of eukaryotes. Centromeric localization of KNL2 is abolished by deletion of the CENPC-k motif and ...
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation
... 2D). Because post-translational histone modifications are known to control gene expression by altering higher-order chromatin structure, Mahadevaiah et al. (Mahadevaiah et al., 2001) proposed a causative role for H2AX phosphorylation in MSCI. A subsequent study revealed this to be the case – H2AX-nu ...
... 2D). Because post-translational histone modifications are known to control gene expression by altering higher-order chromatin structure, Mahadevaiah et al. (Mahadevaiah et al., 2001) proposed a causative role for H2AX phosphorylation in MSCI. A subsequent study revealed this to be the case – H2AX-nu ...
Unusual chromosome structure of fission yeast DNA in mouse cells
... µg DAPI/ml. Slides for SCE and replication analysis were counterstained with DAPI only. The confocal A1/A2 dual filter set of the BioRad MRC-600 laser scanning confocal microscope was used to capture PI (or TRITC) and FITC fluorescence in separate channels. The two images were independantly scaled a ...
... µg DAPI/ml. Slides for SCE and replication analysis were counterstained with DAPI only. The confocal A1/A2 dual filter set of the BioRad MRC-600 laser scanning confocal microscope was used to capture PI (or TRITC) and FITC fluorescence in separate channels. The two images were independantly scaled a ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.