Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... The first recognised function of Apc was its role in Wnt signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively ...
... The first recognised function of Apc was its role in Wnt signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively ...
immunodetection of arabinogalactan proteins in different types of
... was seen in the filiform apparatus of the synergids (Fig. 10). Only the nuclei of the embryo sac showed no fluorescence. The epitope recognized by JIM 8 Mab did not appear in the whole embryo sac; it was limited strictly to the cytoplasm of the synergids and the filiform apparatus (Fig. 11, 12). Bot ...
... was seen in the filiform apparatus of the synergids (Fig. 10). Only the nuclei of the embryo sac showed no fluorescence. The epitope recognized by JIM 8 Mab did not appear in the whole embryo sac; it was limited strictly to the cytoplasm of the synergids and the filiform apparatus (Fig. 11, 12). Bot ...
Endocytic membrane fusion and buckling
... partly due to difficulties in identifying the stage of cell progression through telophase. Although cells progress from metaphase to telophase in 20–30 minutes, telophase often lasts up to 2–3 hours before daughter cells undergo their final separation. Traditionally, after the formation of a contrac ...
... partly due to difficulties in identifying the stage of cell progression through telophase. Although cells progress from metaphase to telophase in 20–30 minutes, telophase often lasts up to 2–3 hours before daughter cells undergo their final separation. Traditionally, after the formation of a contrac ...
during Drosophila melanogaster Embryogenesis
... Pairing-dependent effects are probably not limited to Drosophila; at least one example of a transvection-like effect has been described in the snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus (Coen and Carpenter, 1988). The rarity of such effects in Drosophila makes it plausible that such interactions have eluded obse ...
... Pairing-dependent effects are probably not limited to Drosophila; at least one example of a transvection-like effect has been described in the snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus (Coen and Carpenter, 1988). The rarity of such effects in Drosophila makes it plausible that such interactions have eluded obse ...
FtsK-Dependent Dimer Resolution on Multiple Chromosomes
... chromosome with dif located at the junction of their polarity [22,23]. Thus, dif sites carried by a dimer are brought together by FtsK translocation (Figure 1A). Second, FtsK serves to activate recombination at dif via a direct interaction with XerD [24,25]. dif contains two 11bp binding sites for X ...
... chromosome with dif located at the junction of their polarity [22,23]. Thus, dif sites carried by a dimer are brought together by FtsK translocation (Figure 1A). Second, FtsK serves to activate recombination at dif via a direct interaction with XerD [24,25]. dif contains two 11bp binding sites for X ...
Regulation of microtubule dynamics by microtubule
... However the molecular mechanisms responsible tor the MAPstimulated microtubule stabilization are still unclear. One possibility is that the binding of MAPs to the microtubule lattice would simply diminish the rate of loss of tubulin from the polymer. Additionally, the binding of MAPs may increase th ...
... However the molecular mechanisms responsible tor the MAPstimulated microtubule stabilization are still unclear. One possibility is that the binding of MAPs to the microtubule lattice would simply diminish the rate of loss of tubulin from the polymer. Additionally, the binding of MAPs may increase th ...
Chromosome organization and dynamics during
... Copyright © 2011 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
... Copyright © 2011 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
Chromosome Organization and Dynamics during Interphase, Mitosis
... dynamics not only address questions of how chromosomes behave and what mechanisms control this behavior but also examine how chromosome organization and dynamics affect gene expression and genome maintenance. A number of important studies on chromosome organization and dynamics have been conducted i ...
... dynamics not only address questions of how chromosomes behave and what mechanisms control this behavior but also examine how chromosome organization and dynamics affect gene expression and genome maintenance. A number of important studies on chromosome organization and dynamics have been conducted i ...
Nucleation and Dynamics of Golgi-derived Microtubules
... anchoring of γ-TuRCs at Golgi membranes is essential for Golgiderived MT formation. The nucleation event might occur at the already Golgi-bound γ-TuRC; alternatively, MTs that are randomly nucleated at cytosolic γ-TuRCs in the vicinity of the Golgi membrane might be recruited to the Golgi thereafter ...
... anchoring of γ-TuRCs at Golgi membranes is essential for Golgiderived MT formation. The nucleation event might occur at the already Golgi-bound γ-TuRC; alternatively, MTs that are randomly nucleated at cytosolic γ-TuRCs in the vicinity of the Golgi membrane might be recruited to the Golgi thereafter ...
PDF
... gondii. An outer core complex distal from the nucleus contains the TgCentrin1/TgSfi1 protein pair, along with the cartwheel protein TgSas-6 and a novel Aurora-related kinase, while an inner core closely aligned with the unique spindle pole (centrocone) holds distant orthologs of the CEP250/C-Nap pro ...
... gondii. An outer core complex distal from the nucleus contains the TgCentrin1/TgSfi1 protein pair, along with the cartwheel protein TgSas-6 and a novel Aurora-related kinase, while an inner core closely aligned with the unique spindle pole (centrocone) holds distant orthologs of the CEP250/C-Nap pro ...
Homologous pairing and the role of pairing centers in meiosis
... remains unclear. These early interactions are then stabilized only at sites where there is good flanking homology between chromosomes. In many organisms, this sorting and stabilizing process appears to be promoted by a meiosis-specific organization of chromosomes called the ‘bouquet configuration’, ...
... remains unclear. These early interactions are then stabilized only at sites where there is good flanking homology between chromosomes. In many organisms, this sorting and stabilizing process appears to be promoted by a meiosis-specific organization of chromosomes called the ‘bouquet configuration’, ...
Chromosome Organization and Dynamics during Interphase, Mitosis
... dynamics not only address questions of how chromosomes behave and what mechanisms control this behavior but also examine how chromosome organization and dynamics affect gene expression and genome maintenance. A number of important studies on chromosome organization and dynamics have been conducted i ...
... dynamics not only address questions of how chromosomes behave and what mechanisms control this behavior but also examine how chromosome organization and dynamics affect gene expression and genome maintenance. A number of important studies on chromosome organization and dynamics have been conducted i ...
Cell cycle behavior of human HP1 subtypes: distinct
... Drosophila, abnormal condensation and segregation of chromosomes was observed (Kellum and Alberts, 1995). ...
... Drosophila, abnormal condensation and segregation of chromosomes was observed (Kellum and Alberts, 1995). ...
The Ovule and the Embryo Sac
... Cellular Anatomy of the Mature Embryo Sac As shown in Figure 3, the Polygonum-typeembryo sac has one egg cell, two synergids, three antipodal cells, and a central cell that contains two nuclei. These cells comprise four groups that function in fertilization, embryogenesis,and nutrition of the embryo ...
... Cellular Anatomy of the Mature Embryo Sac As shown in Figure 3, the Polygonum-typeembryo sac has one egg cell, two synergids, three antipodal cells, and a central cell that contains two nuclei. These cells comprise four groups that function in fertilization, embryogenesis,and nutrition of the embryo ...
Drosophila Xpd Regulates Cdk7 Localization, Mitotic Kinase
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
In Vivo Allium cepa
... the recommendations put down by the Committee on methods for toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, US EPA, can be utilized for exposure assessment. The Allium cepa test has been the most established plant assay system appraised by the US-EPA GeneTox Program for environmental monitoring of the toxic ...
... the recommendations put down by the Committee on methods for toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, US EPA, can be utilized for exposure assessment. The Allium cepa test has been the most established plant assay system appraised by the US-EPA GeneTox Program for environmental monitoring of the toxic ...
Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by
... In Drosophila, multiple chromosome organization schemes have been well characterized. The Rabl configuration is observed in many diploid nuclei such as those of the early embryo and the larval central nervous system [19,20]. Polyploid-polytene chromosomes, such as those of the larval salivary gland, ...
... In Drosophila, multiple chromosome organization schemes have been well characterized. The Rabl configuration is observed in many diploid nuclei such as those of the early embryo and the larval central nervous system [19,20]. Polyploid-polytene chromosomes, such as those of the larval salivary gland, ...
Mapping the Synthetic Dosage Lethality Network of CDK1/CDC28
... Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) drive the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. A single CDK, Cdc28, is necessary and sufficient for cell cycle regulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Mendenhall and Hodge 1998; Enserink and Kolodner 2010), although many of its functions are supported by ...
... Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) drive the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. A single CDK, Cdc28, is necessary and sufficient for cell cycle regulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Mendenhall and Hodge 1998; Enserink and Kolodner 2010), although many of its functions are supported by ...
The Sad1-UNC-84 homology domain in Mps3 interacts with Mps2 to
... The half-bridge is critical for SPB duplication; yet, details of its structure and function at a molecular level are only beginning to emerge. Four proteins are found at the half-bridge: Cdc31, Kar1, Mps3, and Sfi1. Kar1 and Mps3 are integral membrane proteins that localize to the cytoplasmic and nu ...
... The half-bridge is critical for SPB duplication; yet, details of its structure and function at a molecular level are only beginning to emerge. Four proteins are found at the half-bridge: Cdc31, Kar1, Mps3, and Sfi1. Kar1 and Mps3 are integral membrane proteins that localize to the cytoplasmic and nu ...
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... contributes to establishing a polarized distribution of PAR proteins and associated components on the cell cortex along the longitudinal embryonic axis, which becomes the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Thereafter, AP polarity is maintained through reciprocal negative interactions between the anterior ...
... contributes to establishing a polarized distribution of PAR proteins and associated components on the cell cortex along the longitudinal embryonic axis, which becomes the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Thereafter, AP polarity is maintained through reciprocal negative interactions between the anterior ...
Shifts, Aneuploidy, and Loss of Heterozygosity Rapid Mechanisms
... factors that are master regulators of cell-type specification, ensuring that only haploid cells of opposite mating type undergo conjugation and that only diploid cells are competent to undergo meiosis (Yamamoto 1996; Galgoczy et al. 2004; Bennett et al. 2005; Sherwood and Bennett 2009; van Werven an ...
... factors that are master regulators of cell-type specification, ensuring that only haploid cells of opposite mating type undergo conjugation and that only diploid cells are competent to undergo meiosis (Yamamoto 1996; Galgoczy et al. 2004; Bennett et al. 2005; Sherwood and Bennett 2009; van Werven an ...
Bacterial chromosome segregation
... In eukaryotic cells, chromosome replication, segregation and cell division are separated in time. Chromosomes are duplicated in S phase and remain together during G2 phase. Partitioning occurs in M phase and then the cell divides after the chromosomes have segregated to opposite halves of the cell. ...
... In eukaryotic cells, chromosome replication, segregation and cell division are separated in time. Chromosomes are duplicated in S phase and remain together during G2 phase. Partitioning occurs in M phase and then the cell divides after the chromosomes have segregated to opposite halves of the cell. ...
Actin behavior in bulk cytoplasm is cell cycle regulated in early
... white line in the schematic on the right-hand side of Fig. 1E) and arranged side-by-side from left to right. This kymograph allowed comparison of nine successive waves of gelation-contraction. Successive waves moved inwards at similar rates (the more vertical the trace, the faster the rate). They sl ...
... white line in the schematic on the right-hand side of Fig. 1E) and arranged side-by-side from left to right. This kymograph allowed comparison of nine successive waves of gelation-contraction. Successive waves moved inwards at similar rates (the more vertical the trace, the faster the rate). They sl ...
PDF + SI - GenScript
... 16). CDC45 is an essential gene product in yeast (17) and engages proteins assembled in the prereplication complex at origin sites on the DNA during S phase as origins are activated (16, 18). Further, in Xenopus egg extracts, Cdc45 associates with sites of DNA unwinding on a plasmid (6), and interfe ...
... 16). CDC45 is an essential gene product in yeast (17) and engages proteins assembled in the prereplication complex at origin sites on the DNA during S phase as origins are activated (16, 18). Further, in Xenopus egg extracts, Cdc45 associates with sites of DNA unwinding on a plasmid (6), and interfe ...
Wood - 2010 - Nat Rev Genet
... their replication and is converted into a cohesive state as replication forks pass. Therefore, sister chromatids are held together by SCC continuously from the time of their formation until their separation during mitosis. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis when the kleisin subuni ...
... their replication and is converted into a cohesive state as replication forks pass. Therefore, sister chromatids are held together by SCC continuously from the time of their formation until their separation during mitosis. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis when the kleisin subuni ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.