Why are bacteria different from eukaryotes? INTERVIE W Open Access Julie A Theriot*
... of the kinetochores must be attached before the next step can proceed [18]. In contrast, bacteria that have multiple chromosomes seem to segregate them by using independent, orthogonal machineries specific for each chromosome [19], and don’t appear to have anything as general or as scalable as a mit ...
... of the kinetochores must be attached before the next step can proceed [18]. In contrast, bacteria that have multiple chromosomes seem to segregate them by using independent, orthogonal machineries specific for each chromosome [19], and don’t appear to have anything as general or as scalable as a mit ...
Prevention of DNA Rereplication Through a Meiotic Recombination
... ABSTRACT In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, unnatural stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 during meiosis can trigger extra rounds of DNA replication. When programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated but not repaired due to absence of DMC1, a pathway i ...
... ABSTRACT In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, unnatural stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 during meiosis can trigger extra rounds of DNA replication. When programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated but not repaired due to absence of DMC1, a pathway i ...
mitosis on DNA replication and repair. Mitotic checkpoint genes in
... does provide for genomic stability because p53 mutants suffer gene amplification and chromosome loss (Living ston et al. 1992; Yin et al. 1992). p53 mutant cells, how ever, are not radiation sensitive (Lee and Bernstein 1993; Slichenmeyer et al. 1993), perhaps because they do have an intact G2 che ...
... does provide for genomic stability because p53 mutants suffer gene amplification and chromosome loss (Living ston et al. 1992; Yin et al. 1992). p53 mutant cells, how ever, are not radiation sensitive (Lee and Bernstein 1993; Slichenmeyer et al. 1993), perhaps because they do have an intact G2 che ...
Golgi complex
... The Golgi complex distributes substances to other parts of the cell. membrane bound structure. The Golgi complex transports nutrients and waste by breaking of part of itself in bubbles .which transports the nutrients and waste to other parts of the cell, and out side of the cell with the bubble even ...
... The Golgi complex distributes substances to other parts of the cell. membrane bound structure. The Golgi complex transports nutrients and waste by breaking of part of itself in bubbles .which transports the nutrients and waste to other parts of the cell, and out side of the cell with the bubble even ...
Regulatory roles of cyclin dependent kinase phosphorylation in cell
... of Cdc2 Y15 phosphorylation ([8-11]; reviewed in [12,13]). T h e kinases Weel and Mikl phosphorylate Y15, whereas the phosphatases Cdc25 and Pyp3 dephosphorylate Y15 (Fig. 1). Weel and Cdc25 are primarily responsible for regulation of Y15 phosphorylation, whereas Mikl and Pyp3 are minor partners who ...
... of Cdc2 Y15 phosphorylation ([8-11]; reviewed in [12,13]). T h e kinases Weel and Mikl phosphorylate Y15, whereas the phosphatases Cdc25 and Pyp3 dephosphorylate Y15 (Fig. 1). Weel and Cdc25 are primarily responsible for regulation of Y15 phosphorylation, whereas Mikl and Pyp3 are minor partners who ...
Reconstitution of Outer Membrane Protein Assembly from Purified
... by incubation in 100 mM sodium carbonate for 30 min, suggesting that the folded protein had been integrated into the membrane. The nonessential lipoprotein BamB is important in the assembly of OMP substrates delivered by SurA; the five-protein complex had significantly higher activity than the four- ...
... by incubation in 100 mM sodium carbonate for 30 min, suggesting that the folded protein had been integrated into the membrane. The nonessential lipoprotein BamB is important in the assembly of OMP substrates delivered by SurA; the five-protein complex had significantly higher activity than the four- ...
Microtubule cortical array organization and plant cell morphogenesis
... with both drugs and mutants have supported the microfibril guidance hypothesis (reviewed in [7]), but microtubule orientation and cellulose orientation can become uncoupled [7,8], and cellulose microfibrils can be laid down in a parallel fashion without an intact cortical array [9]. These observatio ...
... with both drugs and mutants have supported the microfibril guidance hypothesis (reviewed in [7]), but microtubule orientation and cellulose orientation can become uncoupled [7,8], and cellulose microfibrils can be laid down in a parallel fashion without an intact cortical array [9]. These observatio ...
The Distribution and Morphology Alterations of Microfilaments and
... studies on cytoskeleton mainly focused on animal cells, and there were rarely researches or reports about cytoskeleton morphological alterations and molecular mechanism using plant cells as materials. Recently, with the continuous improvement of research technology in life sciences, the understandin ...
... studies on cytoskeleton mainly focused on animal cells, and there were rarely researches or reports about cytoskeleton morphological alterations and molecular mechanism using plant cells as materials. Recently, with the continuous improvement of research technology in life sciences, the understandin ...
The Arabidopsis sku6-spiral1 gene encodes a plus end
... Figure 1. Growth Phenotypes of spr1-6 and Wild-Type Seedlings and Plants. (A) and (B) Wild-type (A) and spr1-6 (B) seedlings grown 7 d on 1.5% agar-solidified GM tilted at 408 from the vertical (wave assay) and imaged from above the agar surface. The arrow in (B) delineates a root that has grown int ...
... Figure 1. Growth Phenotypes of spr1-6 and Wild-Type Seedlings and Plants. (A) and (B) Wild-type (A) and spr1-6 (B) seedlings grown 7 d on 1.5% agar-solidified GM tilted at 408 from the vertical (wave assay) and imaged from above the agar surface. The arrow in (B) delineates a root that has grown int ...
Molecular encounters at microtubule ends in the plant cell cortex
... Microtubules from nucleation to establishment of cortical arrays. (a) Microtubule assembly and disassembly. MTs are polymers of a/b tubulin heterodimers. A typical MT is composed of 13 linear protofilaments resulting from head-to-tail arrangement of heterodimers. Lateral association of protofilament ...
... Microtubules from nucleation to establishment of cortical arrays. (a) Microtubule assembly and disassembly. MTs are polymers of a/b tubulin heterodimers. A typical MT is composed of 13 linear protofilaments resulting from head-to-tail arrangement of heterodimers. Lateral association of protofilament ...
Shaping mitotic chromosomes: From classical concepts to molecular
... incubation of human cultured cells with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid results in H3S10 phosphorylation in the vast majority of cells, yet chromosomes condense only in a very small fraction of cells [39]. Finally, a Drosophila mutant of the Aurora B kinase-associated Borealin protein still s ...
... incubation of human cultured cells with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid results in H3S10 phosphorylation in the vast majority of cells, yet chromosomes condense only in a very small fraction of cells [39]. Finally, a Drosophila mutant of the Aurora B kinase-associated Borealin protein still s ...
Endodermal origin of yolk-sac-derived teratomas
... Histochemical and autoradiographic study of the cultured rat visceral yolk sac. / . Embryol. exp. Morph. 97, 169-176. SOBIS, H. AND VANDEPUTTE, M. (1974). Development of teratomas from displaced visceral yolk sac. Int. J. Cancer 13, 444-453. ...
... Histochemical and autoradiographic study of the cultured rat visceral yolk sac. / . Embryol. exp. Morph. 97, 169-176. SOBIS, H. AND VANDEPUTTE, M. (1974). Development of teratomas from displaced visceral yolk sac. Int. J. Cancer 13, 444-453. ...
Human microcephaly ASPM protein is a spindle pole
... In addition to Drosophila Asp, several factors have been identified to play a role in spindle MT focusing, such as motor proteins (dynein and kinesin-14) and the MT minus-end-localised protein NuMA (Gaglio et al., 1996; Goshima et al., 2005; Hatsumi and Endow, 1992; Manning and Compton, 2007; Merdes ...
... In addition to Drosophila Asp, several factors have been identified to play a role in spindle MT focusing, such as motor proteins (dynein and kinesin-14) and the MT minus-end-localised protein NuMA (Gaglio et al., 1996; Goshima et al., 2005; Hatsumi and Endow, 1992; Manning and Compton, 2007; Merdes ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... To get further insights into TON1 function, we searched for TON1 protein partners. Here, we describe the characterization of a new superfamily of 34 Arabidopsis proteins that are able to interact with TON1 and are found only in plants. The TON1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) superfamily is defined by the pr ...
... To get further insights into TON1 function, we searched for TON1 protein partners. Here, we describe the characterization of a new superfamily of 34 Arabidopsis proteins that are able to interact with TON1 and are found only in plants. The TON1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) superfamily is defined by the pr ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... To get further insights into TON1 function, we searched for TON1 protein partners. Here, we describe the characterization of a new superfamily of 34 Arabidopsis proteins that are able to interact with TON1 and are found only in plants. The TON1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) superfamily is defined by the pr ...
... To get further insights into TON1 function, we searched for TON1 protein partners. Here, we describe the characterization of a new superfamily of 34 Arabidopsis proteins that are able to interact with TON1 and are found only in plants. The TON1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) superfamily is defined by the pr ...
Control of Mitotic Events by Nap1 and the Gin4 Kinase
... the bud begins to grow over its entire surface. (Lew and Reed, 1993, 1995). Cells that lack Clb function fail to make this switch and continue polar bud growth during mitosis, giving rise to highly elongated buds (Amon et al., 1993; Lew and Reed, 1993; Richardson et al., 1992). Nap1 is required for ...
... the bud begins to grow over its entire surface. (Lew and Reed, 1993, 1995). Cells that lack Clb function fail to make this switch and continue polar bud growth during mitosis, giving rise to highly elongated buds (Amon et al., 1993; Lew and Reed, 1993; Richardson et al., 1992). Nap1 is required for ...
The Cell Cycle
... phases of DNA replication (S phase), and cell division (M phase). The components of the cell cycle control system are influenced by the intracellular milieu and various environmental factors through feedback signals. These feedback signals relay information on the status of protein or DNA synthesis, ...
... phases of DNA replication (S phase), and cell division (M phase). The components of the cell cycle control system are influenced by the intracellular milieu and various environmental factors through feedback signals. These feedback signals relay information on the status of protein or DNA synthesis, ...
Intercourse Between Cell Wall and Cytoplasm Exemplified by
... growth has made it an invaluable probe for studying arabinogalactan protein function in vivo. A pioneering demonstration of the biological effect of active Yariv reagent on plant development was the inhibition of proliferation of suspension-cultured rose cells (Serpe and Nothnagel, 1994). These auth ...
... growth has made it an invaluable probe for studying arabinogalactan protein function in vivo. A pioneering demonstration of the biological effect of active Yariv reagent on plant development was the inhibition of proliferation of suspension-cultured rose cells (Serpe and Nothnagel, 1994). These auth ...
view as pdf - KITP Online
... How does Cdk1 activity lead to directed actomyosin contraction and thereby directed nuclear movement in G2? Cdk1 Bias? ...
... How does Cdk1 activity lead to directed actomyosin contraction and thereby directed nuclear movement in G2? Cdk1 Bias? ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... wild-type. This suggests that, although PAR-1 may have a global effect on microtubule stability, perhaps through unlocalized PAR-1 present in the central cytoplasm [8], it might not function as an asymmetrically localized MARK in C. elegans embryos; we cannot exclude, however, that PAR-1 might depol ...
... wild-type. This suggests that, although PAR-1 may have a global effect on microtubule stability, perhaps through unlocalized PAR-1 present in the central cytoplasm [8], it might not function as an asymmetrically localized MARK in C. elegans embryos; we cannot exclude, however, that PAR-1 might depol ...
The Plant Cell - Utrecht University Repository
... by the genome project. The plant protein shows sequence conservation throughout the protein sequence with all other APC2 proteins from different organisms (data not shown). It exhibits 61.3, 30.7, and 20.7% sequence identity with a predicted APC2 protein from rice and the APC2 subunits from human an ...
... by the genome project. The plant protein shows sequence conservation throughout the protein sequence with all other APC2 proteins from different organisms (data not shown). It exhibits 61.3, 30.7, and 20.7% sequence identity with a predicted APC2 protein from rice and the APC2 subunits from human an ...
Microtubules and Microfilaments in Cell
... vicinity of a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and is thus protected from destabilization. Higher plants lack well-defined MTOCs and the rapid reorganization and reorientation of microtubules in their absence still remains one of the most intriguing areas of plant cytoskeletal research [37]. One ...
... vicinity of a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and is thus protected from destabilization. Higher plants lack well-defined MTOCs and the rapid reorganization and reorientation of microtubules in their absence still remains one of the most intriguing areas of plant cytoskeletal research [37]. One ...
Reverse Engineering Models of Cell Cycle Regulation
... To reverse engineer the network we need a few clues about the master regulator R (also known as MPF, M-phase promoting factor). By 1989 it was known that MPF is a dimer of cdc2 and cyclin B.20,21 The level of cdc2 in cells is constant, but its cyclin partner comes and goes. MPF activity is abruptly ...
... To reverse engineer the network we need a few clues about the master regulator R (also known as MPF, M-phase promoting factor). By 1989 it was known that MPF is a dimer of cdc2 and cyclin B.20,21 The level of cdc2 in cells is constant, but its cyclin partner comes and goes. MPF activity is abruptly ...
Functions of the Cdc14-Family Phosphatase Clp1p in the Cell Cycle
... binding of CDKs to different cyclins changes the function of CDKs during the cell cycle (Morgan , 1997). The fission yeast possesses only one essential cyclin , Cdc13p. ...
... binding of CDKs to different cyclins changes the function of CDKs during the cell cycle (Morgan , 1997). The fission yeast possesses only one essential cyclin , Cdc13p. ...
Identification of Isoforms of a Mitotic Motor in Mammalian Spermatogenesis
... We have isolated the full-length coding sequence for mouse KIFC5A (kinesin family c-terminal 5A) cDNA, encoding a motor protein found in the testes. The complete sequence of the KIFC5A cDNA is homologous to a group of carboxyl-terminal motors, including hamster CHO2, human HSET, and mouse KIFC1 and ...
... We have isolated the full-length coding sequence for mouse KIFC5A (kinesin family c-terminal 5A) cDNA, encoding a motor protein found in the testes. The complete sequence of the KIFC5A cDNA is homologous to a group of carboxyl-terminal motors, including hamster CHO2, human HSET, and mouse KIFC1 and ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.