The Importance of High Resolution Chromosome Analysis in the
... showed a subtle terminal deletion in the short arm of one chromosome 18 and the karyotype was re-designated as 46,XY,del(18)(p11.31) (Fig. 1). The referring clinicians were alerted immediately about the abnormality. This deletion was obvious in every metaphase spread with a banding resolution of ≥45 ...
... showed a subtle terminal deletion in the short arm of one chromosome 18 and the karyotype was re-designated as 46,XY,del(18)(p11.31) (Fig. 1). The referring clinicians were alerted immediately about the abnormality. This deletion was obvious in every metaphase spread with a banding resolution of ≥45 ...
A commentary on the G2/M transition of the plant cell cycle
... checkpoint as operating when a step ‘B’ depends on completion of step ‘A’ unless a loss-function mutant can relieve the dependence. Cells held under checkpoint conditions must be able to meet the demands imposed by that checkpoint before acquisition of competence to undergo a cell cycle transition. ...
... checkpoint as operating when a step ‘B’ depends on completion of step ‘A’ unless a loss-function mutant can relieve the dependence. Cells held under checkpoint conditions must be able to meet the demands imposed by that checkpoint before acquisition of competence to undergo a cell cycle transition. ...
Plant microtubule organization
... microtubule fine structure and the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules are remarkably conserved between kingdoms, as are many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). On the other hand, microtubules are arranged and organized in highly diverse patterns, relying on a variety of mechanisms for a ...
... microtubule fine structure and the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules are remarkably conserved between kingdoms, as are many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). On the other hand, microtubules are arranged and organized in highly diverse patterns, relying on a variety of mechanisms for a ...
Chemical Suppression of Defects in Mitotic Spindle Assembly
... type of interaction as “chemical suppression.” Our work was driven by the hypothesis that genome instability in a certain class of mutants could be alleviated by mild replication inhibition using chemicals/ drugs. We queried a collection of conditionally lethal, i.e., temperature-sensitive, alleles ...
... type of interaction as “chemical suppression.” Our work was driven by the hypothesis that genome instability in a certain class of mutants could be alleviated by mild replication inhibition using chemicals/ drugs. We queried a collection of conditionally lethal, i.e., temperature-sensitive, alleles ...
The plant formin AtFH4 interacts with both actin and microtubules
... independent convergence towards similar functions rather than the ancient conservation of a shared function. Formins of animals associate with the plus ends of microtubules using intermediates such as CLIP170, APC and EB1 (Lewkowicz et al., 2008; Wen et al., 2004). Our data do not exclude such addit ...
... independent convergence towards similar functions rather than the ancient conservation of a shared function. Formins of animals associate with the plus ends of microtubules using intermediates such as CLIP170, APC and EB1 (Lewkowicz et al., 2008; Wen et al., 2004). Our data do not exclude such addit ...
Chromosome organization and dynamics in plants
... events, in which chromosomes congress to the equatorial plane of the cell, attach to division spindle microtubules, and become pulled to the two opposed cell poles. These processes take place during the metaphase — anaphase stages of mitosis as well as meiosis. Chromosome segregation is diametricall ...
... events, in which chromosomes congress to the equatorial plane of the cell, attach to division spindle microtubules, and become pulled to the two opposed cell poles. These processes take place during the metaphase — anaphase stages of mitosis as well as meiosis. Chromosome segregation is diametricall ...
Scott F. Gilbert-Developmental Biology, 9th Edition
... What causes this cyclical activity of MPF? Mitosis-promoting factor consists of two subunits. The larger subunit, cyclin B, displays the cyclical behavior that is key to mitotic regulation, accumulating during S and being degraded after the cells have reached M (Evans et al. 1983; Swenson et al. 198 ...
... What causes this cyclical activity of MPF? Mitosis-promoting factor consists of two subunits. The larger subunit, cyclin B, displays the cyclical behavior that is key to mitotic regulation, accumulating during S and being degraded after the cells have reached M (Evans et al. 1983; Swenson et al. 198 ...
Monopolar spindle attachment of sister chromatids is ensured by two
... formation of chiasmata, which maintain homolog association until the onset of anaphase I. The homologous chromosomes that are linked by chiasmata have kinetochores arranged in such a way that the kinetochores of sister chromatids face in the same direction (i.e. monoorientation), while those of homo ...
... formation of chiasmata, which maintain homolog association until the onset of anaphase I. The homologous chromosomes that are linked by chiasmata have kinetochores arranged in such a way that the kinetochores of sister chromatids face in the same direction (i.e. monoorientation), while those of homo ...
Emerging regulatory mechanisms in ubiquitin
... recently reconstituted from recombinant subcomplexes and its structure was resolved by a combination of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography (see figure panel C) (da Fonseca et al., 2011; Schreiber et al., 2011). The catalytic core of the APC/C, its cullin-related subunit APC2 and its RING ...
... recently reconstituted from recombinant subcomplexes and its structure was resolved by a combination of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography (see figure panel C) (da Fonseca et al., 2011; Schreiber et al., 2011). The catalytic core of the APC/C, its cullin-related subunit APC2 and its RING ...
Taxol-stabilized Microtubules Can Position the
... The components of the spindle required for furrow positioning have been extensively investigated, and, surprisingly, many parts of the spindle are not essential for the initiation of cytokinesis. Microtubules are both necessary and sufficient for furrow positioning, because cells containing only ast ...
... The components of the spindle required for furrow positioning have been extensively investigated, and, surprisingly, many parts of the spindle are not essential for the initiation of cytokinesis. Microtubules are both necessary and sufficient for furrow positioning, because cells containing only ast ...
DNA Topoisomerase II Must Act at Mitosis to Prevent Nondisjunction
... Aneuploidy and mitotic recombination increase in top2 strains at restrictive te'mperature. If sister chromatids are physically intertwined at the time of mitosis, we expect that when they disjoin in the absence of topoisomerase II activity they should behave in many ways like dicentric chromosomes. ...
... Aneuploidy and mitotic recombination increase in top2 strains at restrictive te'mperature. If sister chromatids are physically intertwined at the time of mitosis, we expect that when they disjoin in the absence of topoisomerase II activity they should behave in many ways like dicentric chromosomes. ...
NEK1 Facilitates Cohesin Removal during Mammalian
... until anaphase II, although SC proteins are required for cohesin integrity at diplonema [20]. This suggests that REC8 might ultimately be required for SC axial element formation [21] and subsequent centromere attachment. SMC proteins have been observed to decrease between prophase I and anaphase I, ...
... until anaphase II, although SC proteins are required for cohesin integrity at diplonema [20]. This suggests that REC8 might ultimately be required for SC axial element formation [21] and subsequent centromere attachment. SMC proteins have been observed to decrease between prophase I and anaphase I, ...
Chapter 12 Cytoskeleton
... Even small bipolar filaments composed of myosin-II molecules can slide actin filaments over each other, thus mediating local shortening of an actin filament bundle ...
... Even small bipolar filaments composed of myosin-II molecules can slide actin filaments over each other, thus mediating local shortening of an actin filament bundle ...
DNA REPLICATION CHECKPOINT CONTROL 7. Acknowledgments
... importantly, the integrity of the genome must be ensured before it is passed to daughter cells. In unicellular organisms such as yeast, loss of genetic material may lead to cell death. However, in higher eukaryotes genomic instability is causally related with tumorigenesis. To combat this instabilit ...
... importantly, the integrity of the genome must be ensured before it is passed to daughter cells. In unicellular organisms such as yeast, loss of genetic material may lead to cell death. However, in higher eukaryotes genomic instability is causally related with tumorigenesis. To combat this instabilit ...
Dissection of Cell Division Processes in the One Cell Stage
... cell division requires the faithful distribution of chromosomes and cytoplasmic material to daughter cells. In eukaryotes, this is achieved by a series of coordinated cytoskeletal processes which include spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, spindle positioning and cytokinesis. Although the mech ...
... cell division requires the faithful distribution of chromosomes and cytoplasmic material to daughter cells. In eukaryotes, this is achieved by a series of coordinated cytoskeletal processes which include spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, spindle positioning and cytokinesis. Although the mech ...
Outer dense fibre protein 2 (ODF2) is a self
... of the fibrils to build the higher order fibre structure of ODFs (Petersen et al., 2002). ODFs are very stable structures, which could be isolated by disintegration of all other sperm tail structures (Vera et al., 1984). In addition, the highly insoluble nature of ODFs together with the secondary st ...
... of the fibrils to build the higher order fibre structure of ODFs (Petersen et al., 2002). ODFs are very stable structures, which could be isolated by disintegration of all other sperm tail structures (Vera et al., 1984). In addition, the highly insoluble nature of ODFs together with the secondary st ...
A novel microtubule-modulating noscapinoid
... cytokinetic failure, frequently occurs in cancer cells and correlates with chromosomal instability. Microtubule-binding drugs also produce abnormalities in centriole structure and centrosome duplication2 in response to cell-cycle arrest3 or because of damaged or incompletely replicated DNA during mi ...
... cytokinetic failure, frequently occurs in cancer cells and correlates with chromosomal instability. Microtubule-binding drugs also produce abnormalities in centriole structure and centrosome duplication2 in response to cell-cycle arrest3 or because of damaged or incompletely replicated DNA during mi ...
Suppression of a mitotic mutant by tRNA
... UGC so that the amino acid codon in mRNA for this tRNAala would be changed to Thr from Ala. The resulting mischarged Ala for the Thr codon seemed to be the true cause for the ability of scn mutations to suppress the phenotype of cut9-665. The previously identified scn1+ was actually a high copy supp ...
... UGC so that the amino acid codon in mRNA for this tRNAala would be changed to Thr from Ala. The resulting mischarged Ala for the Thr codon seemed to be the true cause for the ability of scn mutations to suppress the phenotype of cut9-665. The previously identified scn1+ was actually a high copy supp ...
Biological Industries Israel Beit Haemek Ltd. Product
... investigate several thousands of possible genetic developmental abnormalities, chromosomal defects, their frequency in the population at-large and the relationship between specific chromosomal abnormalities and phenotypic effects. Human cytogenetic studies entail the examination of a stimulated lymp ...
... investigate several thousands of possible genetic developmental abnormalities, chromosomal defects, their frequency in the population at-large and the relationship between specific chromosomal abnormalities and phenotypic effects. Human cytogenetic studies entail the examination of a stimulated lymp ...
Decision of Spindle Poles and Division Plane by Double
... 3D images were reconstructed digitally from these optical focal planes (A and B). The single PPB (A) and the double PPBs (B) were observed in BY-GT16 cells at prophase. BY-GT16 cells were time-sequentially observed from the late G2 phase to metaphase by CLSM (C and D). The cell with a single PPB (C, ...
... 3D images were reconstructed digitally from these optical focal planes (A and B). The single PPB (A) and the double PPBs (B) were observed in BY-GT16 cells at prophase. BY-GT16 cells were time-sequentially observed from the late G2 phase to metaphase by CLSM (C and D). The cell with a single PPB (C, ...
Identification of seven new cut genes involved in
... gene partly resembles that of the budding yeast ESP1 gene (Baum et al., 1988). The cut7+ gene was isolated by transformation and its predicted product has an amino acid sequence similar to that of the microtubule-dependent motor, kinesin (Hagan and Yanagida, 1990). cut7 mutants are defective in spin ...
... gene partly resembles that of the budding yeast ESP1 gene (Baum et al., 1988). The cut7+ gene was isolated by transformation and its predicted product has an amino acid sequence similar to that of the microtubule-dependent motor, kinesin (Hagan and Yanagida, 1990). cut7 mutants are defective in spin ...
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown Proceeds by
... stable protein network (Daigle et al., 2001). In dividing cells, this network is abolished during NE breakdown (NEBD), which defines the transition from prophase to prometaphase in the cell division cycle (Alberts, 1994). The mechanism of NEBD has not been established. Based on indirect evidence, tw ...
... stable protein network (Daigle et al., 2001). In dividing cells, this network is abolished during NE breakdown (NEBD), which defines the transition from prophase to prometaphase in the cell division cycle (Alberts, 1994). The mechanism of NEBD has not been established. Based on indirect evidence, tw ...
The Effects of Nocodazole on Amoeba Pseudopod Counts
... since amoebae are very active and motile, for this experiment we concluded that a pseudopod must be at least 26 microns in length and 10 microns wide with two defined shoulders. A shoulder is a defined by an angle that is greater than 45 degrees from the cell body. Pseudopods are recognizable usuall ...
... since amoebae are very active and motile, for this experiment we concluded that a pseudopod must be at least 26 microns in length and 10 microns wide with two defined shoulders. A shoulder is a defined by an angle that is greater than 45 degrees from the cell body. Pseudopods are recognizable usuall ...
Arrest, Adaptation, and Recovery following a Chromosome Double-strand Break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
... switching can be explained if the ends of the DNA become involved in recombination intermediates. The fact that HO-induced DSBs on two different chromosomes can form translocations by Ku-dependent DNA end-joining argues that the DNA ends are not protected by the HO endonuclease from recognition by o ...
... switching can be explained if the ends of the DNA become involved in recombination intermediates. The fact that HO-induced DSBs on two different chromosomes can form translocations by Ku-dependent DNA end-joining argues that the DNA ends are not protected by the HO endonuclease from recognition by o ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.