10-2
... the nucleus, a spindle starts to form. The duplicated strands of the DNA molecule can be seen to be attached along their length at an area called the centromere. Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome is referred to as a chromatid (kroh muh tid), or sister chromatid. When the process of mitosi ...
... the nucleus, a spindle starts to form. The duplicated strands of the DNA molecule can be seen to be attached along their length at an area called the centromere. Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome is referred to as a chromatid (kroh muh tid), or sister chromatid. When the process of mitosi ...
A Gene Required for the Separation of Chromosomes on the Spindle Apparatus in Yeast.
... DNA in only one cell body (Table 1). The large-budded doublet cells were micromanipulated to prerecorded positions on solid medium and incubated at 30%. For two generations these cells were inspected and when they divided the daughters were separated by micromanipulation to new positions. If the dau ...
... DNA in only one cell body (Table 1). The large-budded doublet cells were micromanipulated to prerecorded positions on solid medium and incubated at 30%. For two generations these cells were inspected and when they divided the daughters were separated by micromanipulation to new positions. If the dau ...
PDF
... (Graumann, 2014), CRWN4 was involved in the maintenance of the interphase chromocenter integrity and organization (Wang et al., 2013). These facts, put in perspective with the roles played by GIPs in both nuclear shaping and nuclear envelope organization (Batzenschlager et al., 2013, 2014), suggest ...
... (Graumann, 2014), CRWN4 was involved in the maintenance of the interphase chromocenter integrity and organization (Wang et al., 2013). These facts, put in perspective with the roles played by GIPs in both nuclear shaping and nuclear envelope organization (Batzenschlager et al., 2013, 2014), suggest ...
Mitosis
... Anticlinal is the plane of division perpendicular to the surface of the organ. This is in contrast to periclinal cell divisions that are generally parallel to the outer surface. ...
... Anticlinal is the plane of division perpendicular to the surface of the organ. This is in contrast to periclinal cell divisions that are generally parallel to the outer surface. ...
Live Imaging of Drosophila Brain Neuroblasts Reveals a Role for
... Drosophila differs from both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. We conclude that Lis1/dynactin act together to regulate multiple, independent functions in mitotic cells, including spindle formation and cell cycle checkpoint release. ...
... Drosophila differs from both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. We conclude that Lis1/dynactin act together to regulate multiple, independent functions in mitotic cells, including spindle formation and cell cycle checkpoint release. ...
YEAST AND CANCER
... Each time I have identified an intriguing aspect of the cancer problem, I have found that it could be approached more effectively in the simpler eukaryotic cell, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, than the human cell. Each time the yeast cell has revealed some of its secrets. I will relate four vignettes inv ...
... Each time I have identified an intriguing aspect of the cancer problem, I have found that it could be approached more effectively in the simpler eukaryotic cell, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, than the human cell. Each time the yeast cell has revealed some of its secrets. I will relate four vignettes inv ...
When Checkpoints Fail
... Double-stranded DNA breaks activate the DNA damage checkpoint, preventing progression through mitosis. Mammalian cells have a nonhomologous end-joining activity that fuses together broken DNA, and direct endto-end joining of the centromeric and the acentric fragments may be the primary mechanism by ...
... Double-stranded DNA breaks activate the DNA damage checkpoint, preventing progression through mitosis. Mammalian cells have a nonhomologous end-joining activity that fuses together broken DNA, and direct endto-end joining of the centromeric and the acentric fragments may be the primary mechanism by ...
Midbodies and phragmoplasts: analogous structures
... Figure 2. Models for assembly of the midbody and phragmoplast. (a) Model depicting midbody organization. Overlapping microtubule plus-ends are embedded within the midbody matrix. The midbody microtubules are stabilized and crosslinked by several kinesins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), kina ...
... Figure 2. Models for assembly of the midbody and phragmoplast. (a) Model depicting midbody organization. Overlapping microtubule plus-ends are embedded within the midbody matrix. The midbody microtubules are stabilized and crosslinked by several kinesins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), kina ...
Multiple mechanisms determine the order of APC/C substrate
... degradation leads to Cdc14 activation indirectly through separase, these results suggested the existence of positive feedback in securin degradation. Although this phosphoregulation of securin by Cdk1 improves the fidelity of sister chromatid segregation (Holt et al., 2008), it remains unclear how t ...
... degradation leads to Cdc14 activation indirectly through separase, these results suggested the existence of positive feedback in securin degradation. Although this phosphoregulation of securin by Cdk1 improves the fidelity of sister chromatid segregation (Holt et al., 2008), it remains unclear how t ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... (Yp) non-mosaic, even though the isodicentric rearrangement of Y chromosome is frequent because of the palindromic sequences at the ends heterochromatic Yq12, site of recombination [15]. Moreover, this distal portion is full of fragile sites characterized by AT sequences interspaced by Alu repetitiv ...
... (Yp) non-mosaic, even though the isodicentric rearrangement of Y chromosome is frequent because of the palindromic sequences at the ends heterochromatic Yq12, site of recombination [15]. Moreover, this distal portion is full of fragile sites characterized by AT sequences interspaced by Alu repetitiv ...
Genetic Analysis of the Yeast Cytoskeleton.
... in the cell cycle and grows steadily as the cell cycle progresses, remaining attached to the mother cell by a short neck region. Near the end of the DNA synthetic period, the nucleus migrates toward the neck. After DNAsynthesis is completedthe nucleus elongates symmetrically into the mother and daug ...
... in the cell cycle and grows steadily as the cell cycle progresses, remaining attached to the mother cell by a short neck region. Near the end of the DNA synthetic period, the nucleus migrates toward the neck. After DNAsynthesis is completedthe nucleus elongates symmetrically into the mother and daug ...
Cleavage Furrow Establishment—A Preliminary to Cylindrical
... similar fashion, as newt kidney cells continue to divide while the mitotic apparatus and associated cytoplasm are pushed back and forth through the equatorial plane (Rappaport and Rappaport, 1968). These experiments, and others, performed on cleaving cells indicate that the furrowing process in anim ...
... similar fashion, as newt kidney cells continue to divide while the mitotic apparatus and associated cytoplasm are pushed back and forth through the equatorial plane (Rappaport and Rappaport, 1968). These experiments, and others, performed on cleaving cells indicate that the furrowing process in anim ...
Linking abnormal mitosis to the acquisition of DNA damage
... so that they can be efficiently and equally partitioned into two daughter cells during mitosis. Numerous checkpoints have evolved to ensure that mitosis only proceeds when growth conditions are ideal and chromosomes are efficiently replicated and free of damage. This level of quality control takes t ...
... so that they can be efficiently and equally partitioned into two daughter cells during mitosis. Numerous checkpoints have evolved to ensure that mitosis only proceeds when growth conditions are ideal and chromosomes are efficiently replicated and free of damage. This level of quality control takes t ...
Centrosome Biology: A SAS-sy Centriole in the Cell Cycle Dispatch
... well as the γ-tubulin ring complex (γγ-TuRC), which forms microtubule nucleation sites [3]. The centrosome has two remarkable properties that separate it from most other organelles. First, it duplicates precisely once per cell cycle, so that a constant number is maintained. Second, the centrosome is ...
... well as the γ-tubulin ring complex (γγ-TuRC), which forms microtubule nucleation sites [3]. The centrosome has two remarkable properties that separate it from most other organelles. First, it duplicates precisely once per cell cycle, so that a constant number is maintained. Second, the centrosome is ...
Mutations in a- and/ -Tubulin Affect Spindle Chinese Hamster Ovary
... Cell Lines and Culture: The wild-type parental cell line (10001 or 10004) is a subclone of the CHO cell line Pro-5 (29). The ~-tubulin mutants Cmd-4 (10193) and Grs-2 (10132) and the a-tubulin mutant Tax-1 00576) were derived from the wild-type strain after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis (10193, ...
... Cell Lines and Culture: The wild-type parental cell line (10001 or 10004) is a subclone of the CHO cell line Pro-5 (29). The ~-tubulin mutants Cmd-4 (10193) and Grs-2 (10132) and the a-tubulin mutant Tax-1 00576) were derived from the wild-type strain after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis (10193, ...
High-throughput knockout screen in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
... third meiosis-specific feature is the protection of centromeric cohesion. Disturbing any of these processes may lead to missegregation of chromosomes and aneuploidy, which is the major cause of miscarriages and mental retardation in humans. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent ...
... third meiosis-specific feature is the protection of centromeric cohesion. Disturbing any of these processes may lead to missegregation of chromosomes and aneuploidy, which is the major cause of miscarriages and mental retardation in humans. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... from that of animals, suggesting that kinesins have evolved to perform specialized functions in plants (Reddy and Day 2001; Richardson et al. 2006). Data from genetic, biochemical and cell biological analyses support the hypothesis that plant kinesins have taken on new functions, perhaps because pla ...
... from that of animals, suggesting that kinesins have evolved to perform specialized functions in plants (Reddy and Day 2001; Richardson et al. 2006). Data from genetic, biochemical and cell biological analyses support the hypothesis that plant kinesins have taken on new functions, perhaps because pla ...
Chemically Induced Aberrations of Mitosis in Bacteria
... After pre-drying of the surface, the suspension of organisms was streaked over the agar with a pipette in about five streaks parallel to the axis of the gradient. The plates were then incubated and the organisms examined cytologically after various periods of exposure. Any resistant colonies were cu ...
... After pre-drying of the surface, the suspension of organisms was streaked over the agar with a pipette in about five streaks parallel to the axis of the gradient. The plates were then incubated and the organisms examined cytologically after various periods of exposure. Any resistant colonies were cu ...
Introduction to the cytoskeleton
... Figure 16-23. The centrosome. (A) The centrosome is the major MTOC of animal cells. Located in the cytoplasm next to the nucleus, it consists of an amorphous matrix of protein containing the γ-tubulin ring complexes that nucleate microtubule growth. This matrix is organized by a pair of centrioles, ...
... Figure 16-23. The centrosome. (A) The centrosome is the major MTOC of animal cells. Located in the cytoplasm next to the nucleus, it consists of an amorphous matrix of protein containing the γ-tubulin ring complexes that nucleate microtubule growth. This matrix is organized by a pair of centrioles, ...
Checkpoint Responses in Cancer Therapy
... The cell cycle is tightly regulated by a number of molecular entities that maintain the genetic integrity of the cell and ensure that genetic information is passed correctly to the daughter cells. Starting in the 1980s, extensive research efforts have revealed the existence of evolutionarily conserv ...
... The cell cycle is tightly regulated by a number of molecular entities that maintain the genetic integrity of the cell and ensure that genetic information is passed correctly to the daughter cells. Starting in the 1980s, extensive research efforts have revealed the existence of evolutionarily conserv ...
How migration occurs
... The microtubule cytoskeleton and polarity • Rho:activates mDia, which directly interacts with microtubules and promotes their capping, leading the stabilization of microtubules. • Rac:promotes microtubule elongation through 1. p65PAK-dependent phosphorylation by activating p65PAK 2.inactivating sta ...
... The microtubule cytoskeleton and polarity • Rho:activates mDia, which directly interacts with microtubules and promotes their capping, leading the stabilization of microtubules. • Rac:promotes microtubule elongation through 1. p65PAK-dependent phosphorylation by activating p65PAK 2.inactivating sta ...
Microinjected Fluorescent Phalloidin in Vivo
... active rearrangement of F-actin during chromosome migration, which appeared to be slowed down in the presence of phalloidin. These findings were compared with the actin patterns observed in mitotic cells fixed at different stages. Our second aim was to determine the origin of the actin filaments tha ...
... active rearrangement of F-actin during chromosome migration, which appeared to be slowed down in the presence of phalloidin. These findings were compared with the actin patterns observed in mitotic cells fixed at different stages. Our second aim was to determine the origin of the actin filaments tha ...
The synthesis and migration of nuclear proteins during mitosis and
... Both types of protein leave the nucleus when its interphase form is demolished at the beginning of mitosis and they both return to the nucleus at the end of mitosis. Experiments with nuclear proteins of Viciafaba labelled with 3H-arginine by Prensky and Smith (1964) show that some nuclear proteins o ...
... Both types of protein leave the nucleus when its interphase form is demolished at the beginning of mitosis and they both return to the nucleus at the end of mitosis. Experiments with nuclear proteins of Viciafaba labelled with 3H-arginine by Prensky and Smith (1964) show that some nuclear proteins o ...
During development neurons form an elaborate, branching system
... normal brain development and higher brain function. Even subtle defects in their development or stability can lead to neuronal degeneration, dementias or psychosis. Current treatments for such disorders are based on fragmented and incomplete information. In order to improve current treatments, a bet ...
... normal brain development and higher brain function. Even subtle defects in their development or stability can lead to neuronal degeneration, dementias or psychosis. Current treatments for such disorders are based on fragmented and incomplete information. In order to improve current treatments, a bet ...
Spindle checkpoint
During the process of cell division, the spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus. In order to preserve the cell's identity and proper function, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate number of chromosomes after each cell division. An error in generating daughter cells with fewer or greater number of chromosomes than expected (a situation termed aneuploidy), may lead in best case to cell death, or alternatively it may generate catastrophic phenotypic results. Examples include: In cancer cells, aneuploidy is a frequent event, indicating that these cells present a defect in the machinery involved in chromosome segregation, as well as in the mechanism ensuring that segregation is correctly performed. In humans, Down syndrome appears in children carrying in their cells one extra copy of chromosome 21, as a result of a defect in chromosome segregation during meiosis in one of the progenitors. This defect will generate a gamete (spermatozoide or oocyte) with an extra chromosome 21. After fecundation, this gamete will generate an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21.The mechanisms verifying that all the requirements to pass to the next phase in the cell cycle have been fulfilled are called checkpoints. All along the cell cycle, there are different checkpoints. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis, the spindle checkpoint prevents anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.