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Cell biology
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division leading to cell division in vegetative cells.
Meristematic cells (like those found
in the shoot tip or root tip) are
actively involved in cell division.
Root meristem
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Mitosis – Plane of division
Cells division occurs in either an
anticlinal or periclinal orientation.
Anticlinal is the plane of division
perpendicular to the surface of
the organ.
This is in contrast to periclinal
cell divisions that are generally
parallel to the outer surface.
Anticlinal cell divisions in the epidermis.
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
The vegetative cell division
cycle is divided into two
phases.
Interphase and Mitosis
However, many cells in the
plant are not actively dividing
and are arrested in interphase.
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
Interphase is represented
as the :
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
G1 is the usual resting
state for most cells.
"G" stands for gap.
Once the cell passes the
start point it is committed
to cell division.
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
During the S phase both
DNA and DNA-related
proteins are made.
This is the phase where a
duplicate copy of the
cell's DNA is made.
"S" represents synthesis.
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Mitosis
During interphase, the
chromosomes in the nucleus
are duplicated.
Sister chromatids
These chromosome parts
both remain in close
association.
At this time, the
chromosome consists of two
chromatids held together
at the centromere.
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Centromere
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
During the G2 phase the
cell prepares to divide.
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Mitosis - Cell cycle
Mitosis is the phase where
the cell actually divides.
There are four phases :
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Mitosis
Prophase
During prophase, the chromosomes
condense to become well defined.
During late prophase, the
nuclear envelope's outer
membrane dissolves.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosome
Centromere
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Mitosis
Metaphase
During metaphase, the spindle appears and the chromosomes
migrate to the center of the former nucleus.
Spindle
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Mitosis
Anaphase
Spindle fibers become attached to specialized proteins on the centromeres of
each sister chromatid. The spindles contract to pull the sister chromatids to
opposite sides of the cell. Each is now considered a daughter chromosome.
Spindle
fibers
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Mitosis
Telophase
During telophase, the chromosomes migrate to their
separate cells and the cell plate begins to form.
Cell plate
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Mitosis
Telophase
Finally, the cells separate into duplicate daughter cells.
New cell
wall
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Mitosis
Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
Telophase
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