Download Genetic Engineering

GENETIC ENGINEERING
A. Selective Breeding – allowing only those individuals with desired
characteristics to produce the next generation
1. Inbreeding – cross two of the same type of individual to preserve the
characteristics (Risky!)
2. Cross-breeding / Hybridization – cross two different types of individuals
to get the best characteristics of both.
B. Increase Variation (Random outcome)
1. Induce mutations by radiation or chemical exposure
Ex: oil eating bacteria (risks?)
C. Manipulating DNA (Selective outcome)
1. Genetic engineering – making changes in the DNA code.
a. DNA extraction – remove DNA from a cell
b. DNA cutting / splicing – DNA is cut into smaller fragments using
restriction enzymes.
c. DNA separation – Gel electrophoresis is used. The smallest
fragments travel the furthest.
* Recombinant DNA – DNA sequences from difference sources that have
been cut and pasted together.
D. Transformation
1. Def – a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell
2. Then called a transgenic organism. Ex: Insulin-producing bacteria
Step 1 – bacteria DNA is removed and spliced using restrictive enzymes
Step 2 – foreign DNA (from humans) is inserted into bacterial DNA
Step 3 – bacteria DNA “reseals” & reinserted into bacteria
Step 4 – bacteria DNA now produces human insulin