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Transcript
Name _________________________________________________ Test Date __________ Per. _______ I. Modern Microscopes There are several types of modern microscopes: Compound light microscope – Contain more than one _________ and uses ___________________ bent through _________ to magnify objects. Type of microscope used in the classroom, ours magnifies up to 430 times, others can magnify up to a 1000 times Electron microscope – Uses magnets to aim a beam of ________________ at thin slices of cells. Offers the advantage of much greater ______________________ but specimen must be _________________. There are 2 types of electron microscopes: o scanning electron microscope or _________- traces the __________ of the specimen and forms a 3D image o transmission electron microscope or _______- aims electron beam through specimen. Used to examine ______________ cell structures. Disadvantages of these two: Specimen must be kept in a______________; therefore must be _______________ o scanning tunneling electron microscope (STM)- involves bringing the charged tip of a probe extremely close to the specimen so that the electrons “tunnel” through gaps between the specimen & the tip. Can create 3D computer images of objects as small as atoms & can be used on living specimens o atomic force microscope (AFM)- measures various forces between the tip of a probe and the cell surface. Creates a visual image of a cell using a microscopic sensor that scans the cell. II. What about Viruses? Are they Alive? Based on what we learned in Unit 1 viruses would be considered non-living, because they do not exhibit all the characteristics of life: o Do not contain ____________________ for _________________________ o Not made of ____________; Lack a _________________________________ o Do contain _____________________________ o Cannot _________________ without a _________________ cell. o Typically referred to as a __________________ or _________________. III. Structure of Viruses The following structures are found in all viruses: Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either ____________ or ______________, but never both. It can be _____________________ or _______________________, __________________ or _______________. Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the capsid are known as _____________________ and play an important role in the _____________________ of the virus. In addition, the capsid has ____________________ ID tags known as ____________________________ which can ________________ to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system. The following additional structures MAY be present: Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the components for its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of _______________________. It aids in the attachment of the virus to the host cell, but a virus enclosed by an envelope is also more sensitive to __________________. Tail Fibers – Viruses that infect _________________________ are known as ________________________. They have “tail fibers” to aid in attachment. Examples of viruses with envelopes are: _____________________________________________ Viral Reproduction: Two ways viruses reproduce using a host cell Lytic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which virus ________________ host cell DNA. Examples are __________________________________________________ Lysogenic Infection – _____________________________ cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into ________________________________. Examples are __________________________________. There are two initial steps that are common to all types of viral infections: 1) Virus attaches to _________________________ of ____________________________ 2) Virus releases _____________________ into cell, either by ____________________typically through ___________________ or _____________________ genetic material into it. ___________ Cycle _____________________ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle _Lysogenic____ Cycle ____ Cycle III. BACTERIA (pp. 471 - 477) Bacteria make up two kingdoms, the ____________________ and _______________. In this unit, we will focus on the kingdom that has the greater impact on our lives, the ____________________. _______________________________ & _____________________________________ Cell Structures o Cell wall composed of __________________________. ____________________________ o ______________ ____________________________________ Found in region known as _______________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Most bacteria are motile and have one or more _______________. May have hair-like appendages called ___________ that allow bacteria to __________ to surfaces or other ______________________. o Some bacteria have an outer __________________; helps bacterial cells attach to a substrate or deter the host’s infection-fighting cells. o o o o o Color & Label Cell Wall- Purple Cell membrane- Pink Pili-Light green Flagella- Dark green DNA- Yellow Cytosol- light blue Ribosomes- red Eukaryotic Cell Structure What’s inside a cell? Cell Organelles Cell Organelles which means “little organs” 1st a little clarification of a couple of terms: _____________ – Includes the ________ or “cell gel” and the _______________ Illustration Structure Plant Anim Characteristics & Function al Nucleolus _____________________of the cell. Genetic information stored as ________________, which is ________ wrapped in _______________. Small, dense region in the nucleus. Site of _________________ production. Nuclear Envelope Double __________________ membrane. Has nuclear ___________ which allow _________ to leave the nucleus Ribosomes Tiny, granular organelles located on _______________ _______________ or suspended in ____________. Site of __________________________. All cells have ribosomes. Nucleus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Extensive network continuous with________________ __________________. Called “rough” because it has _________________ all along the membrane. Function of the rough ER is to ___________________________. Most of these proteins are packaged into ___________ (like bubbles or sacs) and shuttled to the ___________ Similar to rough ER in structure, except that it lacks __________________. The smooth ER manufactures ________________________________, breaks down ______________, detoxifies ________________, and _______________________. Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Flattened, round sacs that look like a sack of ________________. Receives, modifies, and ships products by way of ______________ into the ______________________________________ Round sacs containing ____________ that ___________________ and ______________ used cell components. Also used as defense against ____________________________. Rare in plants. Sacs that may be used as storage for __________, __________________, or wastes. Plants have a large central vacuole. Much smaller & rare in animals. Mitochondria Double-walled organelle with inner folds ____________ __________________. Uses ______________ to manufacture energy in the form of _______. Mitochondria have their own _______. Chloroplast Found in ___________ cells. Contain ______________ (green pigment) and their own _______. Chloroplasts harvest energy from the _______ to produce _______ through _____________________________. Centrioles Found in ___________ cells only. Bundles of __________________ that play a role in _____________________ Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Composed of protein fibers known as ______________ and _________________________. Anchor __________________ and provide _______________. Also provide motility for some cells in the form of ________ or ____________. More extensive cytoskeleton found in ______________ cells. Cell walls are the outermost boundary in __________, _______, and ___________. They are not found in _____________________. The primary function of the cell wall is to provide ___________________________. The cell wall does not regulate what _______________ the cell. Cell walls of plants are composed of ________. Cell walls of fungi are composed of _____________ Cell membrane Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane made of ___________________. The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means _______________________________________________ _____________________________. This characteristic is critical in helping the cell maintain _______________. The cell membrane is also called the ____________________ membrane