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Name _________________________________________________ Test Date __________ Per. _______
I. Modern Microscopes
There are several types of modern microscopes:
 Compound light microscope – Contain more than one _________ and uses ___________________ bent through
_________ to magnify objects. Type of microscope used in the classroom, ours magnifies up to 430 times, others can
magnify up to a 1000 times
 Electron microscope – Uses magnets to aim a beam of ________________ at thin slices of cells. Offers the
advantage of much greater ______________________ but specimen must be _________________. There are 2
types of electron microscopes:
o scanning electron microscope or _________- traces the __________ of the specimen and forms a 3D
image
o transmission electron microscope or _______- aims electron beam through specimen. Used to examine
______________ cell structures.
Disadvantages of these two: Specimen must be kept in a______________; therefore must be _______________
o scanning tunneling electron microscope (STM)- involves bringing the charged tip of a probe extremely
close to the specimen so that the electrons “tunnel” through gaps between the specimen & the tip. Can
create 3D computer images of objects as small as atoms & can be used on living specimens
o atomic force microscope (AFM)- measures various forces between the tip of a probe and the cell surface.
Creates a visual image of a cell using a microscopic sensor that scans the cell.
II. What about Viruses? Are they Alive?
Based on what we learned in Unit 1 viruses would be considered non-living, because they do not exhibit all the characteristics of life:
o Do not contain ____________________ for _________________________
o Not made of ____________; Lack a _________________________________
o Do contain _____________________________
o Cannot _________________ without a _________________ cell.
o Typically referred to as a __________________ or _________________.
III. Structure of Viruses
The following structures are found in all viruses:
 Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either ____________ or ______________, but never both. It
can be _____________________ or _______________________, __________________ or _______________.
 Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the
capsid are known as _____________________ and play an important role in the _____________________ of the
virus. In addition, the capsid has ____________________ ID tags known as ____________________________
which can ________________ to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system.
The following additional structures MAY be present:
 Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the
components for its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of
_______________________. It aids in the attachment of the virus to the host cell, but a virus enclosed by an
envelope is also more sensitive to __________________.
 Tail Fibers – Viruses that infect _________________________ are known as ________________________.
They have “tail fibers” to aid in attachment.
 Examples of viruses with envelopes are: _____________________________________________
Viral Reproduction: Two ways viruses reproduce using a host cell

Lytic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which virus ________________ host cell DNA.
Examples are __________________________________________________

Lysogenic Infection – _____________________________ cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into
________________________________. Examples are __________________________________.
There are two initial steps that are common to all types of viral infections:
1) Virus attaches to _________________________ of ____________________________
2) Virus releases _____________________ into cell, either by ____________________typically through
___________________ or _____________________ genetic material into it.
___________ Cycle
_____________________ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
_Lysogenic____ Cycle
____ Cycle
III. BACTERIA
(pp. 471 - 477)
Bacteria make up two kingdoms, the ____________________ and _______________. In this unit, we will focus on the
kingdom that has the greater impact on our lives, the ____________________.
 _______________________________ & _____________________________________
 Cell Structures
o Cell wall composed of __________________________.
 ____________________________
o ______________
 ____________________________________
 Found in region known as _______________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Most bacteria are motile and have one or more _______________.
May have hair-like appendages called ___________ that allow bacteria to __________ to surfaces or
other ______________________.
o Some bacteria have an outer __________________; helps bacterial cells attach to a substrate or deter
the host’s infection-fighting cells.
o
o
o
o
o
Color & Label
Cell Wall- Purple
Cell membrane- Pink
Pili-Light green
Flagella- Dark green
DNA- Yellow
Cytosol- light blue
Ribosomes- red
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
What’s inside a cell? Cell Organelles
Cell Organelles which means “little organs”
1st a little clarification of a couple of terms: _____________ – Includes the ________ or “cell gel” and the _______________
Illustration
Structure
Plant
Anim
Characteristics & Function
al
Nucleolus
_____________________of the cell. Genetic information
stored as ________________, which is ________ wrapped
in _______________.
Small, dense region in the nucleus. Site of
_________________ production.
Nuclear
Envelope
Double __________________ membrane. Has nuclear
___________ which allow _________ to leave the nucleus
Ribosomes
Tiny, granular organelles located on _______________
_______________ or suspended in ____________. Site of
__________________________. All cells have ribosomes.
Nucleus
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Extensive network continuous with________________
__________________. Called “rough” because it has
_________________ all along the membrane. Function of
the rough ER is to ___________________________.
Most of these proteins are packaged into ___________
(like bubbles or sacs) and shuttled to the ___________
Similar to rough ER in structure, except that it lacks
__________________. The smooth ER manufactures
________________________________, breaks down
______________, detoxifies ________________, and
_______________________.
Golgi
apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Flattened, round sacs that look like a sack of
________________. Receives, modifies, and ships
products by way of ______________ into the
______________________________________
Round sacs containing ____________ that
___________________ and ______________ used cell
components. Also used as defense against
____________________________. Rare in plants.
Sacs that may be used as storage for __________,
__________________, or wastes. Plants have a large
central vacuole. Much smaller & rare in animals.
Mitochondria
Double-walled organelle with inner folds ____________
__________________. Uses ______________ to
manufacture energy in the form of _______. Mitochondria
have their own _______.
Chloroplast
Found in ___________ cells. Contain ______________
(green pigment) and their own _______. Chloroplasts
harvest energy from the _______ to produce _______
through _____________________________.
Centrioles
Found in ___________ cells only. Bundles of
__________________ that play a role in
_____________________
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Composed of protein fibers known as ______________
and _________________________. Anchor
__________________ and provide _______________.
Also provide motility for some cells in the form of ________
or ____________. More extensive cytoskeleton found in
______________ cells.
Cell walls are the outermost boundary in __________,
_______, and ___________. They are not found in
_____________________. The primary function of the cell
wall is to provide ___________________________. The
cell wall does not regulate what _______________ the
cell. Cell walls of plants are composed of ________. Cell
walls of fungi are composed of _____________
Cell
membrane
Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane made of
___________________. The cell membrane is selectively
permeable which means
_______________________________________________
_____________________________. This characteristic is
critical in helping the cell maintain _______________. The
cell membrane is also called the ____________________
membrane