Download Checklist unit 6: A Tour of the cell and membranes

BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE
UNIT 6
CHECKLIST UNIT 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL AND MEMBRANES
In this module you will be introduced to the fundamental unit of every living organism—the
cell. A single cell may be the entirety of a living organism, such as a bacterium or yeast, or it
may be part of a more complex multicellular organism that possesses specialized cells that are
organized at higher levels in tissues and organs. Either way, these microscopic entities separate
what is living from what is not.
There are two major lineages of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Though both are bound by a
plasma membrane, prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells house specialized compartments—bound within plasma membranes—that
carry out specialized tasks within the cell. For example, eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus that
houses chromosomes (made of DNA), an endomembrane system that aids in protein and lipid
synthesis and substance storage and transport, and mitochondria which are the site of cellular
respiration. Plants cells also have organelles called chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs.
Cells also possess a cytoskeleton that functions in cell structural support, motility, and signal
transmission. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules that shape the cell and guide
organelle and chromosome movement. Cilia and flagellae are extensions of the cytoplasm that
contain microtubules and function in cell mobility.
Cellular activities need to be coordinated not only from within cells but from the surrounding
environment. This is accomplished thru extracellular components such as intercellular
junctions, plant cell walls, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module you should be able to:
1. Understand the principles of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopes, and
scanning electron microscopes.
2. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Understand the upper and lower limits to cell size, and be able to explain the
advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.
4. Briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, and explain
the role of the nucleolus, smooth and rough ER, the Golgi apparatus and ribosomes in
protein synthesis.
5. List the components of the endomembrane system, and describe the structure and
function of each component.
6. Understand means of intracellular digestion by lysosomes.
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BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE
UNIT 6
7. Understand the roles of vacuoles.
8. Be able to explain the energy conversions carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts.
9. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast, and explain the functional
importance of compartmentalization in these organelles.
10. Describe the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous
organelles.
11. Describe the structure and function of the various components of the cytoskeleton (e.g.
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles and basal bodies).
12. Describe the basic structure of a plant cell wall.
13. Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells, and explain
how it may act to integrate changes inside and outside the cell.
14. Name the intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and list the function of
each type of junction.
CHECK LIST
 Read Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell of Campbell and Reece’s Biology, 9th Ed.
 As you are reading, address each of the learning objectives listed above.
 We recommend that you make flash cards for the terminology list provided. This will be
beneficial for studying for the midterm and final exams later in the semester.
 You may be able to review the PowerPoint Lecture and other resources for this unit.
Refer to your instructor’s notes for more details.
 Review the Discovery Video “Cells” and the BioFlix Videos “Tour of an Animal Cell” and
Tour of a Plant Cell” from the Mastering Biology Website.
 For extra practice try the Self Quiz or Practice Test on the Mastering Biology Website.
To log onto the website, use the access code provided in your textbook. You will also
find other resources, such as downloadable MP3 tutorials for each chapter, a glossary,
and an electronic copy of your text- you can catch up on your reading anywhere!
KEY TERMS
actin
basal body
capsule
cell fractionation
central vacuole
centriole
centrosome
chloroplast
chromatin
chromosome
cilium
collagen
contractile vacuole
crista
cytoplasm
cytoplasmic streaming
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cytoskeleton
cytosol
desmosome
dynein
electron microscope (EM)
endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
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BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE
UNIT 6
eukaryotic cell
extracellular matrix (ECM)
fibronectin
flagellum
food vacuole
gap junction
glycoprotein
Golgi apparatus
granum
Integrin
Intermediate filament
Light microscope (LM)
lysosome
microfilament
microtubule
middle lamella
mitochondrial matrix
mitochondrion
motor protein
nuclear envelope
nuclear lamina
nucleoid
nucleoid region
nucleolus
nucleus
organelle
peroxisome
phagocytosis
plasma membrane
plasmodesma
Plastid
primary cell wall
prokaryotic cell
proteoglycan
pseudopodium
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ribosome
rough ER
scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
secondary cell wall
Smooth ER
stroma
thylakoid
Tight junction
transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
transport vesicle
vacuole
vesicle
ROOT WORDS TO KNOW
centro- = the center; -soma = a body (centrosome: structure present in the cytoplasm of all
animal cells, important during cell division)
chloro- = green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae)
cili- = hair (cilium: a short hair-like cellular appendage with a microtubule core)
cyto- = cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which are located organelles)
-ell = small (organelle: a small membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function found
in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)
endo- = inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that includes the
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the
plasma membrane)
eu- = true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)
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BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE
UNIT 6
extra- = outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded)
flagell- = whip (flagellum: a long whip-like cellular appendage that moves cells)
glyco- = sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate)
lamin- = sheet/layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the
shape of the nucleus)
lyso- = loosen (lysosome: a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to
digest macromolecules)
micro- = small; -tubul = a little pipe (microtubule: a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the
cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells)
nucle- = nucleus; -oid = like (nucleoid: the region where the genetic material is concentrated in
prokaryotic cells)
phago- = to eat; -kytos = vessel (phagocytosis: a form of cell eating in which a cell engulfs a
smaller organism or food particle)
plasm- = molded; -desma = a band or bond (plasmodesmata: an open channel in a plant cell
wall)
pro- = before; karyo- = nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)
pseudo- = false; -pod = foot (pseudopodium: a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in
moving and feeding)
thylaco- = sac or pouch (thylakoid: a series of flattened sacs within chloroplasts)
tono- = stretched; -plast = molded (tonoplast: the membrane that encloses a large central
vacuole in a mature plant cell)
trans- = across; -port= a harbor (transport vesicle: a membranous compartment used to enclose
and transport materials from one part of a cell to another)
ultra- = beyond (ultracentrifuge: a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to
separate liquids and particles of different densities)
vacu- = empty (vacuole: sac that buds from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane)
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BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE
UNIT 6
SOURCES
Campbell, N. A. (2008). Biology, Eighth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings.
Krogh, D. (2000). Biology, A Guide to the Natural World. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Pearson Education. (2010). Retrieved 2010, from Mastering Biology : http://session.masteringbiology.com
NANSLO Biology Core Units and Laboratory Experiments
by the North American Network of Science Labs Online,
a collaboration between WICHE, CCCS, and BCcampus
is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License;
based on a work at rwsl.nic.bc.ca.
Funded by a grant from EDUCAUSE through the Next Generation Learning Challenges.
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