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BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE UNIT 6 CHECKLIST UNIT 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL AND MEMBRANES In this module you will be introduced to the fundamental unit of every living organism—the cell. A single cell may be the entirety of a living organism, such as a bacterium or yeast, or it may be part of a more complex multicellular organism that possesses specialized cells that are organized at higher levels in tissues and organs. Either way, these microscopic entities separate what is living from what is not. There are two major lineages of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Though both are bound by a plasma membrane, prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells house specialized compartments—bound within plasma membranes—that carry out specialized tasks within the cell. For example, eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus that houses chromosomes (made of DNA), an endomembrane system that aids in protein and lipid synthesis and substance storage and transport, and mitochondria which are the site of cellular respiration. Plants cells also have organelles called chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. Cells also possess a cytoskeleton that functions in cell structural support, motility, and signal transmission. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules that shape the cell and guide organelle and chromosome movement. Cilia and flagellae are extensions of the cytoplasm that contain microtubules and function in cell mobility. Cellular activities need to be coordinated not only from within cells but from the surrounding environment. This is accomplished thru extracellular components such as intercellular junctions, plant cell walls, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this module you should be able to: 1. Understand the principles of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopes, and scanning electron microscopes. 2. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Understand the upper and lower limits to cell size, and be able to explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells. 4. Briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, and explain the role of the nucleolus, smooth and rough ER, the Golgi apparatus and ribosomes in protein synthesis. 5. List the components of the endomembrane system, and describe the structure and function of each component. 6. Understand means of intracellular digestion by lysosomes. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 1 BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE UNIT 6 7. Understand the roles of vacuoles. 8. Be able to explain the energy conversions carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts. 9. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast, and explain the functional importance of compartmentalization in these organelles. 10. Describe the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles. 11. Describe the structure and function of the various components of the cytoskeleton (e.g. microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles and basal bodies). 12. Describe the basic structure of a plant cell wall. 13. Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells, and explain how it may act to integrate changes inside and outside the cell. 14. Name the intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and list the function of each type of junction. CHECK LIST Read Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell of Campbell and Reece’s Biology, 9th Ed. As you are reading, address each of the learning objectives listed above. We recommend that you make flash cards for the terminology list provided. This will be beneficial for studying for the midterm and final exams later in the semester. You may be able to review the PowerPoint Lecture and other resources for this unit. Refer to your instructor’s notes for more details. Review the Discovery Video “Cells” and the BioFlix Videos “Tour of an Animal Cell” and Tour of a Plant Cell” from the Mastering Biology Website. For extra practice try the Self Quiz or Practice Test on the Mastering Biology Website. To log onto the website, use the access code provided in your textbook. You will also find other resources, such as downloadable MP3 tutorials for each chapter, a glossary, and an electronic copy of your text- you can catch up on your reading anywhere! KEY TERMS actin basal body capsule cell fractionation central vacuole centriole centrosome chloroplast chromatin chromosome cilium collagen contractile vacuole crista cytoplasm cytoplasmic streaming Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License cytoskeleton cytosol desmosome dynein electron microscope (EM) endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 2 BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE UNIT 6 eukaryotic cell extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin flagellum food vacuole gap junction glycoprotein Golgi apparatus granum Integrin Intermediate filament Light microscope (LM) lysosome microfilament microtubule middle lamella mitochondrial matrix mitochondrion motor protein nuclear envelope nuclear lamina nucleoid nucleoid region nucleolus nucleus organelle peroxisome phagocytosis plasma membrane plasmodesma Plastid primary cell wall prokaryotic cell proteoglycan pseudopodium ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ribosome rough ER scanning electron microscope (SEM) secondary cell wall Smooth ER stroma thylakoid Tight junction transmission electron microscope (TEM) transport vesicle vacuole vesicle ROOT WORDS TO KNOW centro- = the center; -soma = a body (centrosome: structure present in the cytoplasm of all animal cells, important during cell division) chloro- = green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae) cili- = hair (cilium: a short hair-like cellular appendage with a microtubule core) cyto- = cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which are located organelles) -ell = small (organelle: a small membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells) endo- = inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane) eu- = true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus) Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 3 BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE UNIT 6 extra- = outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded) flagell- = whip (flagellum: a long whip-like cellular appendage that moves cells) glyco- = sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate) lamin- = sheet/layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus) lyso- = loosen (lysosome: a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules) micro- = small; -tubul = a little pipe (microtubule: a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells) nucle- = nucleus; -oid = like (nucleoid: the region where the genetic material is concentrated in prokaryotic cells) phago- = to eat; -kytos = vessel (phagocytosis: a form of cell eating in which a cell engulfs a smaller organism or food particle) plasm- = molded; -desma = a band or bond (plasmodesmata: an open channel in a plant cell wall) pro- = before; karyo- = nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus) pseudo- = false; -pod = foot (pseudopodium: a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding) thylaco- = sac or pouch (thylakoid: a series of flattened sacs within chloroplasts) tono- = stretched; -plast = molded (tonoplast: the membrane that encloses a large central vacuole in a mature plant cell) trans- = across; -port= a harbor (transport vesicle: a membranous compartment used to enclose and transport materials from one part of a cell to another) ultra- = beyond (ultracentrifuge: a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities) vacu- = empty (vacuole: sac that buds from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane) Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 4 BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE UNIT 6 SOURCES Campbell, N. A. (2008). Biology, Eighth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. Krogh, D. (2000). Biology, A Guide to the Natural World. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. (2010). Retrieved 2010, from Mastering Biology : http://session.masteringbiology.com NANSLO Biology Core Units and Laboratory Experiments by the North American Network of Science Labs Online, a collaboration between WICHE, CCCS, and BCcampus is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License; based on a work at rwsl.nic.bc.ca. Funded by a grant from EDUCAUSE through the Next Generation Learning Challenges. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 5