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Academic Biology – Midterm Exam 2014-2015
Midterm Review Questions
Disclaimer: This is by no means a comprehensive review and SHOULD NOT be used as a
stand alone review guide. Students should reference their notebook (notes, labs,
homework assignments, quizzes) as well as their textbook for a more thorough review. .
SCIENTIFIC METHOD/CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
1. List the steps of the scientific method and give a general description of each step.
2. Differentiate between a control and a variable.
a. Independent, dependent, controlled variable, control group, and experimental group
3. What is a controlled experiment and what are the main components?
a. Data graphing and analysis
CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY
4. Organic compounds must, by definition, contain which element?
5. What are the four biological compounds in living things, monomer, important biological
functions and characteristic of compounds? What is an indicator?
6. What are enzymes and why are they important in living things?
7. What conditions might alter the function of an enzyme?
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION/CELLULAR TRANSPORT
8. List the cell theory.
9. Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
10. Identify, describe the functions, and state if found in plant cell, animal cell or both of the
following organelles: mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuole, cell
wall, cell membrane, ER (smooth and rough), Golgi, cilia, flagella, centrioles, lysosomes
11. What are the main components of the cell membrane?
12. Draw and label the polar and nonpolar parts of a phospholipid. How do phospholipids face
each other in the cell membrane?
13. Differentiate between passive and active transport.
14. Which of the following are examples of passive transport? Which are examples of active
transport? Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis.
15. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
16. What happens to cells placed in hypertonic solutions? What happens to cells in hypotonic
solutions? What happens to cells placed in isotonic solutions?
17. Differentiate between endocytosis and exocytosis.
18. Define diffusion.
19. If a red blood cell (~70% water) is placed in pure distilled water, what will happen to the cell
and what type of solution is the cell submerged?
20. What is meant by “semi-permeable” membrane?
21. Describe the following terms: phagocytosis, active transport, endocytosis, pinocytosis,
exocytosis, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Also – state whether they are passive or
active forms of transport.
22. What is meant by “equilibrium”?
Bacteria/ Viruses
23. Explain the difference between bacteria & viruses (replication, classification of life, structure).
24. Identify the different shapes of bacteria.
25. List examples of bacteria and viruses.
26. Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacteria but not viruses.
Biology Midterm Review
Name_________________
Scientific Method
Using the scenario below answer questions 1-10.
Kari has been doing research on a new chemical to help tomato plants grow and produce bigger, healthier
tomatoes. Kari hypothesized that the new chemical would increase plant growth producing larger tomatoes. She needed
to set up an experiment to test the new organic fertilizer. Kari set up her experiment in a greenhouse with the same
species of tomato plant in 5 small flats. She kept all conditions the same such as humidity, temperature, soil, amount of
water, etc.. Listed below is how she administered the fertilizer and the data she collected after six months.
Plant trays
Amount of fertilizer per day
Growth of plant
Color of plant
1
4 mL
2 inches
Green
2
6 mL
5 inches
Green
3
8 mL
6 inches
Greenish-Yellow
4
10 mL
9 inches
Yellow
5
0 mL
3 inches
Green
Identify the following:
1. Control group(s)?
_______________________________________________________
2. Experimental group(s)? _______________________________________________________
3. Controlled variable(s)? _______________________________________________________
4. Independent variable? _______________________________________________________
5. Dependent variable? _______________________________________________________
8. Why did Kari only test one variable in this experiment?_____________________________________________
9. What was the purpose of the control(s) group in this experiment?_____________________________________
Biochemistry
1.
Fill in the chart on organic compounds.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Basic unit
(monomer)
Major Function(s)
Examples
2.
Explain the function of enzymes. Draw and label an enzyme and substrate.
3.
Describe two factors that may denature an enzyme.
4.
List the characteristics of life:
Nucleic Acids
Cell Structure
1.
There are 3 components of the cell theory.
a. All organisms are composed of one or more ____________.
b. The cell is the basic unit of _________________.
c. All cells come from ________________ cells.
2.
There are 2 basic cell types -- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Identify the following as a Prokaryote or Eukaryote.
a. lack membrane-bound organelles _______
b. multicellular ________
c. has a nucleus ________
d. bacteria is an example __________
e. animals, plants, fungi and protist __________
3.
Listed below are the functions of the organelles. Identify the organelle.
cell wall
chloroplast
flagella
microtubules
mitochondria
nucleus
nuclear membrane
cilia
lysosomes
ribosome
chromatin
nucleolus
microfilaments
vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
a. thin protein fibers that provide support in cell _____________
b. short projections involved in movement ______________
c. longer projections involved in movement_______________
d. hollow protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton ______________
e. solid protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton _______________
f. jelly-like material that surrounds organelles ________________
g. digest excess cell parts and invading pathogens ______________
h. where protein synthesis occurs _____________
i. makes energy for cell ______________
j. membrane sacs that transport materials ______________
k. receives processed materials, packages and distributes ______________
l. stores materials and removes excess fluid ________________
m. control center that contains DNA ______________
n. membrane that controls what goes in and out of nucleus _____________
o. tangled DNA ______________
p. membrane that controls what goes in and out of cell ___________
q. site of photosynthesis __________________
r. produces ribosomes ___________________
s. thick, inflexible membrane that provides support for plant cells ____________________
Cell Transport
1.
Cell transport is the movement of materials in and out of the cell through the cell membrane.
There are 2 types – Passive and Active Transport. Identify as active or passive.
a. osmosis and diffusion are examples ____________
b. requires energy __________
c. does not require energy ___________
d. endocytosis and exocytosis are examples _____________
2.
_______________ is the movement of water from an area of high to low concentration.
3.
_______________ is the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.
4.
________________ diffusion uses protein channels to help move material across the membrane.
5.
__________________ is the movement of materials outside the cell.
6.
__________________ is the movement of materials inside the cell.
7.
What does the selective permeability mean?
____________________________________________________
8.
The plasma membrane is made of ______ layers. It contains fluid and phospholipids.
Draw a phospholipid and label parts.
9.
There are 3 types of solutions – isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic. Identify the solutions.
a. concentration of solute outside and inside the cell are equal _________________
b. concentration of solute is higher outside than inside the cell ___________________
c. concentration of solute is higher inside than outside the cell __________________
d. water moves out of cell _______________
e. water moves in the cell ______________
f. no movement of water ______________
Bacteria/ Viruses
1.
Bacterial chromosomes consist of which of the
following?
3.
a. prion
a. a single circular piece of DNA
b. HIV
b. linear pieces of DNA
c. bacteriophage
c. DNA in paired chromosomes
d. viroid
d. DNA or RNA in various forms
2.
Which of the following causes AIDS?
4.
The two major groups of prokaryotes are
Viruses are not considered living because
a. they have no nucleic acids.
a. heterotrophs and autotrophs.
b. they do not metabolize.
b. Gram-positive and Gram-negative
c. they grow but cannot reproduce.
bacteria.
d. their cytoplasm doesn’t contain
c. domain Bacillus and domain Coccus.
d. domain Archaea and domain Eubacteria.
organelles.
5. In the space provided, write B for bacteria or V if the characteristic describes viruses.
_____ a living, unicellular organism
_____ have ribosomes
_____ reproduce by binary fission
_____ have a cell wall
_____ are treated by antibiotics
_____ requires a host cell
6. What properties of life does a virus lack?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.
_____ capsid
a. a protein with an attached carbohydrate molecule
_____ envelope
b. the protein coat of a virus
c. a virus that infects bacteria
_____ glycoprotein
d. a membrane that surrounds the capsid of some viruses
_____ bacteriophage
8.
Use the terms from the list below to fill in the blanks in the following passage.
bacteriophage
envelope
capsid
pathogen
Any agent that causes disease is called a(n) ______________________. Viruses cause damage when they
reproduce inside cells many times. When the viruses break out, the cell is destroyed.
The protein coat, or __________________, of a virus may contain RNA or DNA, but not both. Many viruses have a(n)
_________________, which surrounds the capsid and helps the virus enter cells. Viruses that infect bacteria are called
______________________.