Download Neuro Quiz 4 – Notes from April 9 to April 16 First order neurons

Neuro Quiz 4 – Notes from April 9 to April 16
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First order neurons travel from the __________ to the ________ (or brainstem)
Second order neurons travel from the _______ to the __________.
Third order neurons travel from the ______ to the ______ _______.
T or F: Even in the simple monosynaptic reflex, there is interneuron involved. It is never a one-on-one
connection.
5. The majority of proprioception gets carried predominantly in the ________ column, which explains their large
size.
6. Position Sense aka _____________.
7. The remaining proprioception gets carried by the _______________ tract.
8. These proprioception attributes include fine touch, and _____-_______ discrimination.
9. Incoming information about position sense comes from the _________.
10. Give an example of receptors in joint capsules and ligaments:_____________
11. Give an example of receptors in skin and deep tissues:_______________.
12. Regarding # 9, 10: Receptors are also found in ___________.
13. The conscious recognition of orientation of different body parts relative to each other is called
______________.
14. Dynamic position is the conscious recognition of ______ of _______ of different body parts.
15. T or F: The human being can perceive different gradations of cold and heat.
16. Thermal gradations are discriminated by at least which 3 different types of sensory receptors?
17. Which of the above receptors are located directly under the skin?
18. Which receptor is more diffuse?
19. T or F: There are 3 –10 times more cold receptors in most areas of the body.
20. How many cold receptors per square centimeter are there in the lips? And in the finger?
21. Cold signals are transmitted like pain, along which fibers?
22. Warm signals transmit along which fibers?
23. T or F: Warm signals are transmitted slower.
24. T or F: Cold is perceived as more dangerous than warm, so we need the information to be delivered slower.
25. T or F: At the extreme ends of temperature stimulation, both hot and cold thermoreceptors and pain
receptors are recruited.
26. These thermoreceptor TRACTS are transmitted in the __________ tract. (mainly lateral)
27. Most of these signals will terminate at the ___________.
28. T or F: People who don’t have a cortex can no longer react to temperature.
29. Pain is a ________ mechanism which occurs when tissue is being ________, and causes the
person to react to avoid the stimulus.
30. Acute pain is a (localized/unlocalized) pain. It occurs within ____ seconds when stimulus is applied, and is
transmitted through the (large/small), (myelinated/unmyelinated) Type _ fibers.
31. Which type of pain would be described as sharp, prickly, electrical, felt mainly in the
superficical layer? (ie, “it hurts right here.”)
32. A poorly localized pain is called a _____ pain. It begins after a second or more and then
(increases/decreases) slowly. It is transmitted thru the (large/small) (myelinated/unmyelinated) Type _ fibers.
33. T or F: Slow pain is associated with tissue destruction and can occur on skin and tissue organs. It can be
described as “… it hurts somewhere around here.”
34. What do pain receptors use to conduct the signals of a pain stimulus?
35. T or F: Most deep tissues are extensively innervated but can summate to cause aching pain.
36. T or F: Pain receptors have relatively localized free nerve endings and tend to remain on the skin surface.
37. Most pain receptors are sensitive to more than one type of stimuli. List 3 stimuli to which pain receptors are
sensitive.
38. Which type of pain receptor would a muscle spasm be categorized? What about a blood supply occlusion
(ischemia)?
39. T or F: Pain receptors are non-adapting or very slowly adapting. One advantage of this would be that we are
always apprised of pain. A disadvantage is that it will keep the person in a hyper-facilitated situation.
40. Define Hyperalgesia. And give an example.
41. T or F: The processing of pain occurs at the spinal cord, brainstem and medulla.
42. The brain’s ability to control (block) input of both acute and chronic pain signals is called ________.(pain
control system)
43. Where are the components of this system located?
44. Name 2 types of neurotransmitters in the Pain Control System. And what common natural substance can be
found within each.
45. Name another type of opiate found primarily in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
46. Define Referred Pain. List a few examples.
47. Describe briefly the most current theory of referred pain?
48. What is the route of the sensory signal and what is it’s final destination?
49. T or F: the right somatosensory cortex receives info from the left side of the brain and vice versa.
50. In which part of the brain is the somatosensory cortex located?
51. The somatosensory cortex occupies the first _____ behind the _____ sulcus, called the _____-_______
gyrus.
52. What is the term for “little man”? What does it mean? Give an example.
53. What are the functions of the Somatosensory Areas?
54. Name the condition whereby the presence of an object is detected; however the ability to distinguish is
lacking.
55. Which areas decipher the sensory information that enters the somatosensory areas?
56. Define Stereognosis. What is it’s opposite?
57. The inabililty to distinguish between the head of a rubber duck and a pillow might indicate
lose of function in the ______ ______ area.
58. T or F: The Somatic Association Area exists mainly in the parietal lobe area.
59. T or F: The Somatic Association Areas make sense of the info picked up from the post-central area.
60. Within the Post-Central Gyrus, the body is represented (upside down, right side-up); however, facial
representation (is/is not) inverted.
61. (White/Grey) Matter is the integrative area for cord reflexes and other motor functions.
62. Where will the sensory signal terminate after entering the spinal cord? Where will it travel?
63. At each cord segment, there is a complex assortment of responses involving millions of neurons, of which
________ make up the bulk.
64. What type of neurons synapse on large skeletal muscle fibers (hint: they are the largest)? What is the AKA?
65. Define Motor Unit.
66. What are alpha motor neurons stimulated by?
67. The Anterior Motor Neurons give rise to the _______ ______ which is really a ______, carrying myelinated
axons of the motor root.
68. Anterior Motor Neurons are composed of ______ ______ ______ and _______ ______ _______.
69. Where are the cell bodies of the Alpha Motor Neurons located?
70. Which of the spinal tracts are involved in carrying voluntary motor information?
71. Gamma motor neurons synapse on the cell membranes of very small, special skeletal muscle fibers called
________ ______, which will result in muscle contraction.
72. The fibers referred in the question above are part of the _______ spindle.
73. What are the gamma motor neurons stimulated by?
74. By which of the spinal tracts are gamma motor neurons facilitated?
75. Which type of neurons are present in all areas of the cord gray matter?
76. T or F: Most incoming signals are transmitted first through interneurons where they are appropriately
processed.
77. T or F: Interneurons have many interconnections amongst themselves, but have little to do with the anterior
motor neurons.
78. Most incoming signals are transmitted first through _______ , where they are appropriately processed. These
neurons integrate all the incoming and outgoing information. However, they are the facilitators, and not
considered to be the main intelligence.
79. The connection between the neuron and the muscle cell is called the __________ _______.
80. Name the neurotransmitter that is employed in the neuromuscular junction.
81. T or F: After acetylcholine has done it’s job of exciting muscle fibers, it is released from its binding site into the
synaptic cleft where it is protected by enzymes.
82. What is the name of the enzyme which destroys acetylcholine?
83. Why is it a good idea to destroy acetycholine?
84. T or F: Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking acetylcholine so that they can't combine.
85. Name 2 examples of anticholinergic drugs which block acetylcholine receptors.
86. Which of the examples in question 85 is from a plant source found in the amazon?
87. Which of the examples in question 85 is a synthetic derivative; and is used in every single surgical procedure
to prevent muscle spasm?
88. What is Myasthenia Gravis? Which type of muscles are usually affected first? What type of drug is used to
treat it and Why?
89. Within Neuromuscular Physiology, what are the 2 types of muscle fibers?
90. _______ muscle fibers are regular muscle fibers which are (contractile/non-contractile) throughout their entire
length. They are innervated by (alpha/gamma) motor neurons.
91. _______ muscle fibers are small, specialized muscle fibers which have a central region that is
(contractile/non-contractile). The end portions of these fibers are innervated by the small (alpha/gamma) motor
neurons.
92. The central portion of the intrafusal fibers act as a (sensory/motor) receptor.
93. T or F: The intrafusal fibers attach at either end to the extrafusal fibers.
94. T or F: The extrafusal fibers’ cell bodies are located in the Posterior Horn.
95. T or F: There is no such thing as a half-contraction with respect to the extrafusal fibers.
96. What are the alpha motor neurons stimulated by?
97. Which 2 structures provide continuous subconscious feedback of information from each muscle to the
nervous system? (ie, the length, tension, and changes within the muscle)
98. How many infrafusal fibers make up the muscle spindle and approx. what is it’s length?
99. (Sensory/Motor) nerves are wrapped around the central non-contractile portion of the intrafusal fibers.
100. In what 2 ways can the spindle receptor be stimulated?
101. Name the 2 types of sensory nerves found in the spindle receptor area. And their AKA’s.
102. Both the primary afferent and the secondary afferent sensory nerves encircle which structure?
103. Which of the 2 types of sensory nerves found in the spindle receptor area is a type Ia fiber?
104. Which of the 2 are located in the very center of the spindle?
105. Which of the 2 are located in the periphery to the center (beside)?
106. The wrap-around part of the primary afferent nerves called the __________. At what speed do they conduct
their signals?
107. T or F: Secondary afferent nerves are Type 2 fibers.
108. (Increase/Decrease) in the firing of the afferents occurs when there is (contraction/lengthening) of the
intrafusal fibers and when there is (contraction/lengthening) of the extrafusal fibers.
109. (Increase/Decrease) in the firing of afferents occurs when there is an (increase/decrease) in gamma-motor
neuron stimulation or when there is a (lengthening/shortening) of the extrafusal fibers.
110. Lengthening and shortening of the extrafusals can be accomplished by applying _______ force.
111. Changes in (Alpha/Gamma) nerves have a direct correlation to sensory info from spindle.
112. Changes in (Alpha/Gamma) nerves have an indirect correlation to sensory info from spindle.
113. Where are the cell bodies of primary afferent nerves located? (hint: it’s afferent)