Download Haploid (__)

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Genetics Unit Review –
Vocabulary--Allele, Autosome, Clone, Codominance, Codon, DNA replication, Dominant,
Electrophoresis, Gene, Genetics, Genotype, DNA replication, Heredity, Heterozygous,
Homozygous, Hybrid, Incomplete dominance, Karyotype,
Multiple alleles, Mutagen, Mutation, Nondisjunction, Pedigree, Peptide bond, Phenotype,
Polygenic character, Polyploidy, Probability, Purine, Pyrimidine, Recessive,
Sex chromosome, Stem Cell
Honors Biology Chp13—DNA Notes
DNA:__________________________
- produces the ________________which form our __________
which forms our ______________
Repeating unit of DNA = _________________-_____ Parts to a nucleotide
1. _________________--5-Carbon sugar
2. __________________--PO3
3. ____________________--4 Kinds 1._________________
2.________________
1 &2- are ___________
3.__________________
4.__________________
3 & 4 are ____________
Experiments leading to the discovery of DNA
1) 1928-- ___________________--- discovered ____________---change in the
_______ when cells take up foreign material.
worked with ______ and 2 strands of ___________
Concluded that ________ material could be passed from cell to cell
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2) 1940’s-- __________________---worked to discover what the genetic material
was made out of--- concluded that it was ___________
3) 1952-- _________ & ___________---- studied ____________ --tried to
show that ______ and ______ could pass the cell membrane to carry the genetic
material-- ----concluded that it was only _______
(pg 295)
In __________ 2 men discovered the shape of DNA at Cambridge--_______&______----*** may have “used” Rosalind Franklin’s work*** --video
1962—won the ____________ 1958—Franklin died—never mentioned in award
SHAPE OF DNA
Shape was a _________________: 2 strands twist around a central axis form spiral
structure--right-handed twist
Looks like a twisted _____________
--Sides are the _____________---Rungs(steps) are 2 ______________
1949--- ____________ discovered that the amount of ________ = amount of
________
BASES MUST PAIR UP CORRECTLY
BASES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A ______________BOND
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RNA--______________________________
4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA & RNA
1. THERE IS ONLY ________ strand of RNA
2. The 5-carbon sugar is ______________not ______________
3. One of the nitrogen bases has changed--- _________instead of ______
4. There are _____kinds of RNA
a.) MESSENGER RNA---(_________)-takes the ___________
from the DNA outside of the nucleus
--forms the 3 letter sequence called a ___________
b) TRANSFER RNA ( __________) acts as the ___________
--picks up the ______________ to bond with—reads the code
c) RIBOSOMAL RNA (__________) it is a ________shape
--found in the ___________ assists in the protein synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:______________________________________________
The order by which the __________ are grouped will determine what kind of
___________they will form i.e--nerve tissue, muscles, skin etc.
The protein is made up of _____________
linked together by ______________bonds many of these form a ______
There are __________different AMINO ACIDS---see page 307
WHY ARE CODONS MADE UP OF EVERY 3 NITROGEN BASES?
GENETIC CODE:_____________________________________________
GENE:____________________________________________________
Errors in the genes occur 1 for every ____________ nucleotides read
Causes of ERRORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS----consists of ______steps
1. REPLICATION:_____________________________________________
assisted by 2 enzymes—
1)_____________________---unzips the DNA
2)_____________________
--frees the nitrogen bases
-- __________ the formation of DNA molecule
--- ________________ the nucleotide
Entire human _______ (from all 46 chromosomes)if lined up would be
about ________ long --- if just 1 place to start replication it would take _____
BUT each chromosome is replicated in about _____ sections about ______
nucleotides this entire process takes about __________
2.TRANSCRIPTION:_____________________________________________
assisted by the enzyme---___________________--forms the RNA
Starts when RNA polymerase binds to the specific DNA sequence called
the _______________
after this stage __________leaves the __________
goes into the ________
3.TRANSLATION:_______________________________________________
--takes place in the _______________with the ____________
--code is every _______nitrogen bases
--- works with the tRNA which carries the ___________
---as each amino acid is picked up a _______ bond forms with the
other _
--- continues until the _____ codon is reached—no ____ so protein
production stops here
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Protein Synthesis
DNA---
DNA---
mRNA---
Amino Acid--(use pg 307)
GCGCTAGCATGCTAA
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Review-- Chp 13--- DNA
1) Be able to complete a protein synthesis chart (like one done in notes)
2) Discuss the contributions to the understanding of DNA from scientists such as
Griffith, Avery, Hershey-Chase, Watson & Crick, Chargaff
3) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication
4) What are the 4 differences between DNA and RNA?
5) What is the repeating unit that makes up DNA?
6) Name the 3 parts of question #5
7) Name and explain what happens in the 3 steps of protein synthesis? Where they
occur and what enzymes help in the different steps?
8) How many amino acids are there?
9) Explain why are codons 3-letter long?
10) What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
11) How do purines and pyrimidines pair up?
12) Where does translation take place?
13) Who discovered the shape of DNA? What’s the controversy about this discovery?
14) What makes up the backbone of DNA?
15) What kind of bond holds together the nitrogen bases?
16) Name the 4 nitrogen bases--- how do they pair?
17) How often do errors occur in the genetic code? What are 3 causes
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HONORS BIOLOGY Holt Genetics NOTES Chps 11-15
REPRODUCTION: process of producing _________
2 types
1) ASEXUAL--- production of ________ from only _____ parent--- Offspring will be
___________ ______________ to the parent
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
types-- Binary fission--used in ____________ cells-- parent cell ______ into ____ cells
Fragmentation---many small ______ of the adult form into ______ organisms
(starfish, planarian)
Budding----new individual _______ off the original organism
(hydra, yeast)
Parthenogenesis---female creates a viable ______ cell without being _________
(some reptiles)
2) SEXUAL--- production of ________ from the union of _____ parent cells ( ______)
forms a ________
male= _______ Female=__
Germ cells---Somatic cells--Offspring contain the genetic material from _______ parents
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
type--- Fertilization---Every organism has its own chromosome number--** the Chromosome number ________ ________ reflect____________
Human chromosome number is ______(Diploid______ ) Haploid (__)= ___
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Homologous Chromosomes---Karyotype:
Autosomes:
Sex Chromosomes:
Karyotype notations---
Human genetic traits
In humans there are ____chromosomes= __________genes
there are problems in studying human genes
1.
2.
3.
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Some ways we study the human population for genetics are...
1.
2.
3.
Genetic Diseases
Huntington disease--_________trait
--don’t know you have it until ________after ______
Today we have the ________________ so you can be tested when _________ & counseled if
you want to have ________
Sickle –Cell anemia---- found mainly in __________
Errors in Chromosome Sorting--Nondisjunction conditions---___________________________ Polyploidy---one egg with ______ another egg with ______
this can cause an embryo ...
________ 1 too many
________ 1 too less
________ won’t develop
If extra chromosome is in the _____ pair it is _____________
-If extra is in the 23rd pair --- _______ called ____________
If the 23rd pair is missing one ---______ called __________
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Ways we can study embyro before it is born....
1. Karyotype-_______________________________
2. Amniocentesis-_______________________________
3.Fetoscopy-_______________________________
4. Ultrasound-_______________________________
5. Chorion villi sampling-___________________________
Genetic Variations
Very important for a _______________ of individuals --- allows for ________
Made possible due to ___________ reproduction----due to ________
Main Items that contribute to this variation--1) CROSSING OVER---during ___________ when the _______are formed and the
______ is shared. Makes the Homologous chromosomes no longer ___
2) Independent assortment---during ________ and ______ when the ________ and the
________ line-up and then separate---no _____________
each gamete receives 1 chromosome from each of the 23 pairs
2 23 possible combinations within each gamete = _________________
3) Random Fertilization---- any ________ might be fertilized by any _____
possible outcomes 2 23 x 2 23 = __________________
Genetics : the science of ____________ which studies the mechanisms by which ______
are passed from _________ to __________
Heredity : The ________ of genetic _______ from _________ to ___________
Trait: a genetically determined ______________
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Genetic Mutations and Genetic Applications
Chaps 14 & 15
Mutation:
Mutagen:
Examples: 1)_________________________2)___________________3)___________
Kinds of Mutations
A) DNA mutations
1. Point Mutation
2. Insertion or Deletion
B) Gene Mutations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Silent Mutation:
Missense (replacement) mutation
Frameshift mutation
Nonsense Mutation
More or fewer Amino Acids:
C) Chromosomal Mutations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deletion:
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Gene Rearrangement
Nondisjunction
The Effects of a Genetic Change
Many Genetic Changes will not even be ________ If detected---Is it always bad?????
When does a mutation affect the next generation?
Somatic Cell mutation:
Germ Cell mutation:
Oncogene:
Not _______________ genes are _____________ at all times
In prokaryotes---- use __________________
In eukaryotes----Before transcription--- use ____________________
After transription ---use ________________________
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A GENOME----
The Human Genome Project---Genomics:
Bioinformatics (pg 361)
Genome Mapping ( pg 362)
Applications of Human Genetics ----
Diagnosing and preventing diseases---
Disease treatments----
Identifying individuals----DNA Fingerprinting--Gel electrophoresis(pg 356)
Genetic engineering--GMO----Recombinant DNA----
Cloning (pg 352)
Stem Cells (pg 353)
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Review for Chp 14 & 15 Quiz Honors Biology
1) What is a mutation?
What is a mutagen?
2) Be able to name the 3 groups of possible mutations
3) Be able to explain and give an example of the 6 chromosomal mutations
4) When is a mutation good and when are they bad?
5) When does a mutation affect the next generation and when do they not?
(somatic cells & Germ cells)
6) What is an oncogene?
7) In prokaryotes what are operons, plasmids?
8) In Eukaryotes what are transcription factors, introns & exons
9) What are transposons, retroviruses
10) What is meant by the “universal code”
11) What are pharmacogenomics?
12) Explain how electrophoresis is done? (restriction enzymes?)
13) What is a GMO, Recombinant DNA
14) Clone? SCNT
15) what do the terms totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent mean in terms of stem cells
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History of Genetics
Gregor Mendel (1860’s) is considered the ____________
he was a __________ lived in Austria
worked with _________studied their many traits-Pollination:
Self-pollination
cross-pollination—
Hybrid:
He learned that he could __________ the offspring by controlling which
__________ fertilized the female plants
PROBABILITY: the __________ that a __________ event will __________
Examples -Flip 1 coin =what’s the chance of landing on heads?
Flip 2 coins--Chance they both land on heads?
Roll a 3 on a die
Roll 2 dice & both land on 3?
Roll an 11 on 2 dice ?
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Within a population--- if this information is given…
45/ 100 people have type O blood
40/100 people have type A blood
10/100 people have type B blood
5/ 100 people have type AB blood
What’s the chance of a couple being AB & O blood types?
What’s the chance of having the man be type A & the woman type A ?
MENDEL’S PREDICTIONS FROM THE PEA PLANTS
Monohybrid Cross--- (page 269)
Generation:
P generation:
f1 generation (f= filial, latin son/daughter)
Ratio that he found----
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Genetics governed by _____ Principles
1. Principle of ____________& ____________
Dominant trait: _______________________________________
Recessive trait :____________________________________
*The ____________trait will always _________(hide) the _________
*In order for the ____________trait to show through on the offspring _______
parents must ______it to their ____________
Each version of a gene is called an _________________
2. Principle of _____________---1 ______(factor) must come from ____________ & the
other from ___________
3. Principle of ______________ _____________
Every __________(factor) is separate from the other ___
Gene:____________________________________________________
--Each gene controls a particular ___________
--Genes always appear in __________
---Each member of the pair is called an ______________
Your genes determine what you look like on the outside & on the inside.
PHENOTYPE :___________________________________________
GENOTYPE :_____________________________________________
When both _________are the ________ = ________________
When the ___________are __________ = _________________
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PREDICTING the results of a MONOHYBRID cross-- ___ Trait
T = Tall which is ___________ t = Short which is __________
Predict the genotypic & phenotypic ratios for a
TT x tt cross
Genotypes
Homozygous Dominant =____
Heterozygous = _____
Homozygous Recessive = ____
Ratio=
___
___
___
Phenotypes
& ____ are BOTH Tall = ____
= Short _____
Ratio=
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE :__________________________________
CODOMINANCE:__________________________________________________
* there will be ____ Phenotypes
Example --Red flowers=___- White=___ Pink= ____
Cross a Red flower with a pink flower
Phenotypes
Red=___
Pink=____
White=___
Genotypes
RR=___
Rr=_____
rr=___
Polygenic character: _____________________________________________________
examples--- ________ color and ______ color and __________
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Predicting results of a dihybrid cross---_____ traits
* 2 ways to do it---2 Punnett squares or 1 16 square Punnett square
A=attached ears
H = Hiker’s thumb
Show cross between AAHH x AaHh
Phenotypes--4 possible
Attached Hikers=___
Unattached stub=___
Attached stub=____
unattached Hikers=____
Genotypes--9 possible
AAHH
AaHH
aaHH
AAHh
AaHh
aaHh
AAhh
Aahh
aahh
Multiple Alleles: ________________________________
Best example is blood types
Blood type A = _____ or _____
Blood type B = ______ or _____
Blood type AB = ______
Blood type O = _________
Cross dad with type O with mom who is type A & her father is type O
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Many Genetic studies done on ___________:___________
1st to use was __________________
he discovered AUTOSOMES:_________________________
Sex Chromosomes:_______________________________
XX = ______
XY=______--only____can pass the Y
SEX-LINKED traits:____________________________________
examples--color blindness, hemophiliacs
-the trait is only carried on the ____ The Y does ____
- So the trait is passed to the _____by the ______
colorblindness-- _____% males <____females
Cross a color-blind male with a carrier female
**Results determined by question
if how many kids than out of___
if out of males than out of ____
if out of females than out of ___
Hemophiliac---lack blood-clotting protein
Males either have it ____ or they don’t _____
Females can have it _____, not have it_____ carry it____
What % of the kids in a marriage between a man whose mother didn’t have it but his
maternal grandmother did with a woman who is a hemophiliac.
Sex-influenced traits:_______________________________
Example:_______________---- Dominant in ________
--- Recessive in _______
bb--___________BB-- _______________Bb--______________________