Download Lesson 1 - Structuring Cell Processes

SBI4U
Date:______________
Lesson 1 - Structuring Cell Processes
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The Cell Theory states:
i)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ii) Cells are the functional units of life.
iii) -_________________________________________________________
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In order for a cell to carry out its day-to-day functions, it must:
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______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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Convert energy from an external source into a form that works within the
cell;
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______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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Carry out chemical reactions;
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Eliminate wastes;
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_________________________________________
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Keep records of how to build structures.
There are two basic cell types known as ____________________ and
____________________ cells.

Prokaryotes (pro = before) are the ____________________ cells with the simplest type
of internal organization; _________________________. Instead the DNA is
concentrated in an area inside the cell called the ___________________.
____________________________ is an example of a prokaryote.

Eukaryotes (eu = true) are cells that ________________________________________.
These cells are larger and have a more complex internal structure. They also have a
__________________. Examples of Eukaryotes include
_________________________________________________
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In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotes have specialized structures called
______________________. These organelles have a highly specific function within the
cell.
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Organelles allow the cell to
_______________________________________________________ so that several
chemical reactions can occur simultaneously. Also, many organelles contain
_____________________________________ that increase the surface area on which
chemical reactions can be coordinated.

Cell organelles are suspended in protoplasm (cytoplasm), which is a thick, semitransparent medium inside the cell membrane.
A) Structures of Animal Cells:
__________________________:
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The nucleus is a round, dense area near the centre of an animal cell, and off to the side of
a plant cell.

The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell,
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
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Unless the cell is preparing for division, the DNA will be found in an uncoiled state
within the nucleus called ____________________. When the cell prepares for division,
the DNA will be in the form of ________________________ (twisted upon itself).

The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is a
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________:
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Every cell contains thousands of ribosomes.
________________________________________________________________
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Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleus, and contain 2 subunits:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Ribosomes help to produce proteins used within the cell.
________________________:
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The ER are ___________________________________ which attach to the nuclear
membrane and often extend their cytoplasm to attach to the cell membrane.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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If ribosomes remain attached to the ER, it is called
__________________________________________ (or RER). If there are no ribosomes
attached, it is called ________________________________________________ (or
SER).
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The ER contains numerous folded membranes, which provide a ___________________
for chemical reactions to take place.
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The ER also _______________________________ such as lipids.
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When proteins are produced on the ribosomes, they travel into the
_______________________________________________________________________
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Therefore, the ER serves as a transport system and as a site of chemical reactions.
______________________________________:

The Golgi apparatus consists of ________________________________________. They
may resemble the ER, however, there are ____________________ attached, nor does it
connect to the __________________________.

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to package substances delivered to it by the ER
[_________________________________] and transport these packages (in vacuoles) to
their appropriate locations
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The Golgi apparatus also forms _______________________, which are specialized
vesicles, used to transport cellular digestive enzymes safely through the cytoplasm.
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To summarize:
ribosomes
(proteins)
ER
(transports)
GA
(packages)
diff. locations
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_________________________:
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Circular, ______________________________________________________________.
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They are formed by the GA or by inpocketing of the cell membrane during
______________________________, or ___________________________________.
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Act as “_____________________________” to carry substances (i.e., nutrients) around
the cell or to the cell membrane (i.e., wastes).
_________________________:
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Also called the “_____________________________” or “____________________” of
the cell, since it produces the energy (ATP) required by the cell to perform its normal
functions. Cells such as those in the liver, where a large amount of ATP is needed can
house as many as _________________________________________________!
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It is bound by 2 membranes:
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The ______________________________________ is convoluted, and it extends into the
interior of the organelle to form _______________________________________”. The
inner membrane is highly folded, thereby increasing the
______________________________ and sites for the production of ATP.
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The _________________________________ separates the inner membrane from the
cytoplasm, allowing for a safe place for ATP to be made.
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The
________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________:
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Also called the “________________________” of the cell!
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They resemble vacuoles, but they have a __________________________________ to
prevent the digestive enzymes within from escaping.
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Lysosomes are ______________________________.They have 3 functions:
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_________________________________________________________;
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destroy germs/pathogens;
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destroy old _______________________________ or even the cell itself as it
__________________, in order to recycle the elements.
_________________________________:
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Peroxisomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and resemble lysosomes and vacuoles.
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Their main function is to break down
___________________________________________ and detoxify alcohol (ethanol).
_______________________________________:
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The cytoskeleton extends from the __________________________________________.
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It has 3 functions:
a) ________________________________________________________________;
b) gives shape to the cell;
c) ________________________________________________________________.
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The cytoskeleton consists of three components:
_______________________________________________________________________
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Actin filaments form a _________________________ under the cell membrane and
contract repeatedly. This forms the ______________________________________
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Intermediate filaments __________________________________________________ as
well as support the nuclear envelope and cell membrane.

The rod-like tubes of microtubules act like tracts along which organelles, such as vesicles
and mitochondria, _______________________________________ with irregular
contours. They also form the
________________________________________________ and of centrioles, cilia, and
flagella.
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_______________________________________________:
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There _________________________________ found in each animal cell. They help the
cell to divide.
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Each centriole is composed of 9 groups of 3 microtubules. Centrioles are at right angles
to each other.
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The cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is referred to as the
_______________________. The centrioles are near, but outside the nucleus.
_______________________________:
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Cilia are short cylindrical projections that produce a _____________________________
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Flagella are long projections that produce an undulating,
_________________________________.
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Both have the same internal construction, and can
____________________________________ using energy from the cell.
B) Structures of Plant Cells:
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Notice that many organelles are the same, and perform the same functions, however there
are some differences.
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Plant cells:
a) ____________________________________________________________;
b) have a cell wall;
c) have fewer _______________________, since they can make their own
food;
d) have __________________________;
e) lack centrioles and centrosome, since they undergo cell division differently.
_____________________________:
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The cell wall consists mostly of cellulose fibers and adds ______________________ to
the cell.
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Unlike the membrane, the cell wall __________________________ control the materials
that can pass through it. However, the cell wall does help the cell deal with hypertonic or
hypotonic environments. It prevents the cell from
_____________________________________________.
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_____________________________________:
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The central vacuole is a large fluid-filled sac that presses outwards on the cell wall to
help support it.
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It also provides a _______________________________ for water and other substances.
_____________________________:
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The green _______________________ is one of a group of organelles in a plant cells
called plastids, which contain stacked internal membrane sacs.
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These sacs are enclosed with a double membrane, and have the ability to perform
___________________________ (only when exposed to light). They also act as storage
containers for starches, lipids, and proteins.
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They have their own ______________________________________.
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The green pigment _____________________ gives chloroplasts their colour.