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Standard 16 : Heredity and Reproduction This document was generated on CPALMS - www.cpalms.org A. DNA stores and transmits genetic information. Genes are sets of instructions encoded in the structure of DNA. B. Genetic information is passed from generation to generation by DNA in all organisms and accounts for similarities in related individuals. C. Manipulation of DNA in organisms has led to commercial production of biological molecules on a large scale and genetically modified organisms. D. Reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for the survival of species. Number: SC.912.L.16 Title: Heredity and Reproduction Type: Standard Subject: Science Grade: 912 Body of Knowledge: Life Science Related Benchmarks Code SC.912.L.16.1: Description Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. Remarks/Examples: Annually assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.16.2. SC.912.L.16.2: SC.912.L.16.3: SC.912.L.16.4: SC.912.L.16.5: SC.912.L.16.6: SC.912.L.16.7: SC.912.L.16.8: Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including dominant, recessive, codominant, sexlinked, polygenic, and multiple alleles. Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information. Remarks/Examples: Integrate HE.912.C.1.7. Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health. Annually assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.16.4 SC.912.L.16.5 SC.912.L.16.9. Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Discuss the mechanisms for regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes at transcription and translation level. Describe how viruses and bacteria transfer genetic material between cells and the role of this process in biotechnology. Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer. Remarks/Examples: Integrate HE.912.C.1.7. Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health. SC.912.L.16.9: SC.912.L.16.10: SC.912.L.16.11: SC.912.L.16.12: Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms. Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. Remarks/Examples: Annually assessed on Biology EOC. Discuss the technologies associated with forensic medicine and DNA identification, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Describe how basic DNA technology (restriction digestion by endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, SC.912.L.16.13: ligation, and transformation) is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules (DNA cloning). Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. Remarks/Examples: Annually assessed on Biology EOC. SC.912.L.16.14: SC.912.L.16.15: SC.912.L.16.16: SC.912.L.16.17: Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division. Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. Remarks/Examples: Annually assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.16.8 SC.912.L.16.14 SC.912.L.16.16. Related Access Points Independent Access Point Number SC.912.L.16.In.1: SC.912.L.16.In.2: SC.912.L.16.In.3: SC.912.L.16.In.4: Access Point Title Identify that genes are sets of instructions that determine which characteristics are passed from parent to offspring. Identify traits that plants and animals, including humans, inherit. Recognize that a substance called DNA carries genetic information in all organisms, and changes (mutations) in DNA can be helpful or harmful to an organism. Identify that cancer can result when cells change or grow uncontrollably. SC.912.L.16.In.5: SC.912.L.16.In.6: SC.912.L.16.In.7: Identify ways that biotechnology has impacted society and the environment, such as the development of new medicines and farming techniques. Describe the basic process of human development from fertilization to birth. Recognize that cells reproduce by dividing to produce new cells that are identical (mitosis) or new cells that are different (meiosis). Supported Access Point Number SC.912.L.16.Su.1: SC.912.L.16.Su.2: SC.912.L.16.Su.3: SC.912.L.16.Su.4: SC.912.L.16.Su.5: SC.912.L.16.Su.6: Access Point Title Recognize characteristics (traits) that offspring inherit from parents. Recognize that all organisms have a substance called DNA with unique information. Recognize that cancer may result when cells change or grow too fast. Recognize that new medicines and foods can be developed by science (biotechnology). Recognize major phases in the process of human development from fertilization to birth. Recognize that cells reproduce by dividing. Participatory Access Point Number SC.912.L.16.Pa.1: SC.912.L.16.Pa.2: SC.912.L.16.Pa.3: SC.912.L.16.Pa.4: SC.912.L.16.Pa.5: SC.912.L.16.Pa.6: Related Resources Lesson Plan Access Point Title Recognize similar characteristics (traits) between a child and parents, such as hair, eye, and skin color, or height. Recognize similarities in characteristics of plants and animals of the same type (species). Recognize that illness can result when parts of our bodies are not working properly. Recognize a food. Recognize the sequence of human development from baby to child to adult. Recognize that living things produce offspring (reproduce). Name Cell-U-Lar Wars ~ What Will Survive? Binary Fission Versus Mitotic Cell Division: "DNA:Breaking the Code!": Description The students will learn that binary fission and mitosis are both methods of cell division used by various organisms. The students will compare and contrast the difference between both methods of cell division, while building background knowledge through cooperative, direct, and funfilled scientific discovery. This lesson requires students to use multiple reading and learning strategies to increase their comprehension skills. In this lesson, students learn about DNA, the building block of genetic material. Students learn the basic components of DNA and see how they fit together. The teacher will offer activities and support to support with these goals. The goal of this lesson is to familiarize students to the cell and its DNA as the genetic material that manages how the cell will function. It is recommended to teach this lesson before teaching heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. Students assume the roles of federal legislators and explore several Cell Biology and Cancer website resources to identify reasons to support or oppose a proposed statute that would require individuals under the age of 18 to wear protective clothing when outdoors. After completing this activity, students will: Acting on Information About Cancer: understand that science can help us improve personal and public health, be able to explain that good choices can reduce an individual's risk of developing cancer and can improve an individual's chance of survival if he or she does develop it, understand that ethics brings to public policy debates two presumptions: that we should protect individual autonomy and that we should protect individual and societal health and well-being, recognize that ethical values sometimes conflict in public policy debates about strategies for reducing the risk of cancer, and understand that it is possible for people to hold different positions on a controversial topic and still participate in a reasoned discussion about it. Alien Encounters -- Transcription This is a 3-4 day lesson which focuses on the role of DNA and Translation: and RNA in protein synthesis. It teaches students about the Applied mitosis and meiosis: plant biotechnology: Bioengineered Foods: Biotechnology at Work: GM Mosquitoes Reduce Dengue Fever: Bird Brains - Evolutionary Relationships: process of transcription and translation which makes the amino acid chains. This lesson has a variety of activities to engage students in learning, including virtual manipulatives, tutorials, videos and a summative lab to wrap up information learned. Students will learn about sexual and asexual reproduction and relate each to the process of mitosis and meiosis within the context of plant biotechnology In this lesson, students compare the processes of selective breeding and transgenic manipulation of plants. They consider the pros and cons of growing genetically modified crops. They explore the possible future consequences of genetically modified organisms. Finally, they analyze public opinion data about the use of genetically modified foods In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that addresses the release of genetically modified mosquitoes in Brazil to reduce the transmission of dengue fever. The male mosquitoes were modified so that when they reproduce, their offspring die before they can transmit the disease. The article contains a data table that shows a drastic reduction in the number of dengue cases in places where GM mosquitoes were used in addition to conventional control methods. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Students will compare the sequence of amino acids in a gene shared between humans and six other organisms and infer evolutionary relationships among the species. Students use five web animations and four videos to help them construct an explanation for how cancer develops, then use their new understanding to explain several historical observations about agents that cause cancer. After completing this activity, students will: Cancer and the Cell Cycle: understand that many different agents can cause cancer, understand that cancer represents a breakdown of the processes that regulate the growth of normal cells and tissues, recognize that cancer develops as a result of genetic damage that occurs to cells across time, be able to explain that cancer is associated with the occurrence of damage to particular classes of genes involved in the normal regulation of the cell cycle, and understand that studying the processes involved in the development of cancer has led to a significantly increased understanding of the normal cell cycle as well as to new strategies for treating cancer. This lesson is the third in a series, preceded by "The Faces of Cancer" and "Cancer and the Cell Cycle." In this lesson, students use random number tables and an Internet-based simulation to test several hypotheses about the development of cancer. After completing this activity, students will: Cancer as a Multistep Process: Cancer: A result of mutation?: Cancer: Cells Make Mistakes Too!: Cell Cycle Picture Book: Cell Cycles, UV Damage, and Cancer: Cells on Stage: Central Dogma Protein Construction Stem Challenge: understand that cancer results from the accumulation of genetic damage to cells across time, and be able to explain the increase in cancer incidence that occurs with an increase in age in terms of a multiple hit (mutations in a number of genes) hypothesis for cancer's development. In this lesson, students will learn that genetic mutations can occur during the S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated. When mutations arise in genes that control cell division, cancer may result. Students will practice reading in the content area and answer questions regarding cancer and how it spreads. After reading the sections and/or chapter on the concept of the cell cycle, including mitosis, the students will be guided through the process of making a picture book. This picture book will enhance the students' knowledge of what occurs within the cell structures as it moves through all the stages of the cell cycle. This book will then be shared with other students and/or the teacher to demonstrate that each student can accurately describe the process of the cell cycle. This lesson asks students to investigate the potential risks of cancer associated with everyday carcinogens, including UV gel manicures, a popular beauty regimen in nail care. The lesson addresses the phases of the cell cycle and mitosis through live acting Proteins are essential for all functions necessary for life in organisms. Proteins are created by reading the sequence of nucleotides in genetic material (DNA). During cellular processes known as transcription and translation, the DNA Cleaning Up Your Act: Cloning and Genetic Modification: What's the Difference?: CRACKING THE CODE/CLONING PAPER PLASMID: DNA Mutations: DNA Replication with Codon Bingo: code is read, transferred into a copy called mRNA, and then the copy is read to create specific amino acids bonded together. The amino acids and their interactions create the specific shapes of proteins. In this activity you will be translating strands of DNA to mRNA, and then into small sequences of amino acids. The amino acids will then be bonded together based on their properties. The proteins will be analyzed for correct bonding patterns since the shape of the protein is directly related to the amino acid sequence and the protein's function. Cleaning Up Your Act Model Eliciting Activity (MEA) provides students with a real world engineering problem in which they must work as a team to design a procedure to select the best material for cleaning up an oil spill. The main focus of this MEA is to recognize the consequences of a catastrophic event, and understand the environmental and economical impact based on data analysis. Students will conduct individual and team investigations in order to arrive at a scientifically sound solution to the problem. This multi-step lesson engages students in comparing and contrasting two current methods of bioengineering; cloning and genetic modification. After identifying how these processes are completed, students organize their new knowledge, peer review, and apply their ideas to hypothetical scenarios. Finally, students evaluate misconceptions and correct them in a letter to the editor format. This is an activity where students "crack" the genetic code. They will "read" and "write" a message. They will also participate in "cloning" a plasmid. In this lesson, students will learn the effect of DNA mutations on protein formation and phenotype. The students will convert a DNA sequence to an amino acid sequence and use color-by-number pictures to show the difference between an original and mutated sequence. Through comparisons with other students in the class, the students will learn that not all mutations will result in a change, while some may cause a great deal of change in a gene (and therefore the protein and/or phenotype). This DNA Replication Lesson Plan incorporates several types of instructional strategies to reach all students. These strategies include: 1. Demonstrations 2. Discussions 3. Cooperative learning 4. Brainstorming 5. Stimulations 6. Inquiry Based activity 7. Projects 8. Game 9. Cooperative Learning 10. Self assessment The students will: 1. Describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role in the transmission and conservation of genetic information. 2. Explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their roles in the expression of genes. 3. Clarify the basic components of DNA by constructing an advanced organizer. In this lab, Dragon Genetics: Principles of Mendelian Genetics, students learn the principles of Mendelian genetics by using Popsicle sticks, each of which represents a pair of Dragon Genetics: homologous chromosomes with multiple genetic traits. Pairs of students use their sets of Popsicle sticks to represent a mating and then identify the genetic makeup and phenotypic traits of the resulting baby dragon. In this lesson students will observe onion root tips under a microscope, count the number of cells they find in each Drawing the Cell Cycle Using stage of the cell cycle, and then use this information to draw Onion Root Tips: a pie graph that will predict the percentage of time spent in each stage. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that describes a promising new gene editing technology called CRISPR. The text describes what CRISPR is and some of its potential applications for individual and public health. Potential ethical considerations and drawbacks are Editing Humanity's Problems with also discussed. The article highlights the inventor of the CRISPR: technology, Dr. Jennifer Doudna, who was recently awarded a $3 million Breakthrough Prize for life sciences. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Options to extend the lesson are also included. Students will apply their knowledge of genetics and Eggenetic Baby: predicting heredity to synthesize an original model of traits. Students identify claims about UV exposure presented in a Evaluating Claims About Cancer: selection of media items, then design, execute, and report the results of an experiment designed to test one such claim. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that presents information on a year-long space mission aboard the International Space Station. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The text describes the mission of studying the long-term effects of microgravity on human health. Astronaut Scott Kelley and Far From Home: NASA's Year in Cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko were used in the yearSpace Mission: long study, along with Kelly's identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, who remained on Earth and was used as a control subject. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, textdependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Options to extend the lesson are also included. This lesson focuses on comparing and contrasting mitosis and meiosis. Included in the activity is an interactive Formation of New Cells: resource that allows students to explore both processes side by side. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text designed to support reading in the content area. The article addresses opposition to genetically modified foods. The text discusses the possible reasons why so many people are antiGMO even though science finds them safe. GMOs allow for Frankenfood or Superfood?: more of the world to be fed with a lower impact on the environment. The author suggests some ways that misinformation can be combated with education. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Numerous options to extend the lesson are also included. The goal of this lesson is to introduce students to the human From Cell to DNA: cell and its DNA as the genetic information that governs how the cell will function. This lesson focuses on: how cancer is caused by mutations that accumulate over time in cells' DNA, how the genes mutated in cancer are involved in normal cell growth & division, and how different types of mutations affect the functions of these genes. We recommend that this lesson be From Teenage to Old Age: How the first BLOSSOMS lesson on cancer, that the students use, Cancer Develops Over Time: from the series of three cancer lessons made by scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard. It would be helpful if the students already knew basic information about DNA structure & function, and how mutations can affect the RNA & protein encoded by this DNA. Only paper and writing utensils, and the ability to print out or display the provided handouts, are necessary to complete this lesson. This lesson is intended to take one or two class periods. The two most central hands-on activities in the lesson are as follows: Gene Transfer and Cancer: Are They Linked?: Genetically Modified Foods: Genetics, Genetics, and More Genetics: Students do an activity with a “mutation mat” (which is much like a bingo board) that shows how mutations accumulate in cells over time. This activity demonstrates why cancer is a disease of old age, because the more years that pass, the higher the chance that enough mutations have occurred in the relevant genes in a single cell, to cause it to become a cancer cell. Students complete a worksheet about various examples of “mutations” that could affect a steam engine train and cause it to barrel out of control (for example: if the train’s brakes aren’t working, or if the coal shovelers are shoveling too quickly). The lesson ends with two additional discussion topics: how a person can be pre-disposed to cancer if he/she inherits a mutation from his/her parents; and how different tissues in the body get exposed to different mutagens, thus causing different types of cancer. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area. The article addresses a recent discovery linking bacteria and cancer cells in human tissue. Researchers believe that lateral gene transfer might play a role in cancer and other diseases associated with DNA damage. These results may lead to personalized medicine and might possibly be used as preventive measures. The lesson plan includes a notetaking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Using short videos, articles and a scavenger hunt, students will learn the process of genetically modifying crops and understand the benefits and drawbacks of genetically modified foods. Students will use appropriate tools (Punnett squares) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret data.Students will explore various modes of inheritance through a handson activity creating offspring of a fictitious organism. Students will complete Punnett Squares for various genetic crosses, and analyze and interpret the results of those crosses. Students will be able to predict the genotype and Genotype and Phenotype Activity: Getting Tangled with Yarn and the Cell Cycle: phenotype of P1 and F1 generations using Punnett Squares. Students will be able to identify complex patterns of inheritance such as co-dominance and incomplete dominance. This is a hands-on activity that will help students distinguish between genotype and phenotype. Students will use different yarn colors to illustrate the cell cycle, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Then, they will present their assignments in front of the class and complete a post-lesson worksheet. This MEA is a genetics based lesson for upper level biology students. Students will review the data on several bulls and Got Bull?: help a client choose the best bulls to begin a new cattle operation. In this lesson, students explore the development of the How Do Babies Develop?: human fetus during pregnancy. This lesson plan details the ethical concepts of biotechnology and allows students to explore basic concepts of manipulating and analyzing DNA in a classroom setting. How to be a Molecular Biologist The lesson takes the students through a discussion of the Easy Way: controversial topics related to molecular biology and biotechnology, DNA isolation, restriction digestion of DNA, gel electrophoresis, and DNA cloning. Students learn about the male and female reproductive systems and the developmental changes of pregnancy. Human Reproduction: Students will create a timeline about the trimesters of pregnancy. This lesson allows students to visualize how genes are expressed by completing the process of transcription and translation of 10 ice cream sundae genes. After students have completed the transcription and translation they will be Ice Cream Sundae Gene using the expression of each gene to assemble an ice cream Expression: sundae with their coded ice cream type and toppings. The students will be able to make a connection between how genes are expressed in an ice cream sundae and relate it back to human gene expression. Illustration of the Cell Cycle: Through use of arts integration and the 5E Lesson Model, Using Printmaking Techniques to students will use printmaking techniques to design and Design the Phases of the Cell illustrate the cell cycle.  Cycle : A lesson about the important topic of antibiotic-resistant Killer Microbe: bacteria with student activities and A/V resources. Let's Cure Cancer!: Life After Death: Some Genes Remain "Alive": Livestock Plans for Raising Red Nosed Reindeer: Making Mitosis with Yarn: This a Model-Eliciting-Activity (MEA) that provides students with the opportunity to investigate the process of cancer as they research new chemotherapeutic agents to reduce cancer mortality rates and improve outcomes for cancer patients. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area. The article explains what happens to certain genes after an organism has died. This lesson also introduces a related video that explains how the fields of Genetics and Biotechnology have affected the field of Forensic Science. By reading the article and viewing the video, students will learn about new discoveries in gene function after death and the impact varying fields of science have upon another. This lesson includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. This lesson about genetics and mutations investigates how red nosed reindeer could be raised in a livestock setting. Students will draw Punnett squares and design livestock plans for reproduction of red nosed reindeer. Students will model stages of mitosis and meiosis using yarn. By the end of the lesson, the students will be able to recognize the difference between mitosis and meiosis, know what type of cells are produced from mitosis and meiosis, and how many new cells are created at the end of each process. This lesson is designed for student with mild/moderate disabilities enrolled in an Access class or in the inclusion classroom with assistance from the support facilitation teacher or possibly an Advanced Placement Biology student. A full lesson plan on teaching Mendelian Genetics and how Mendelian Genetics: to use and understand punnett squares. This lesson allows for students to solve dihybrid crosses by Mendelian Genetics - Dihybrid applying their knowledge of Mendelian genetics. Students Crosses: should already be familiar with monohybrid crosses prior to attempting this lesson. This lesson requires the students to simulate the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis using differentcolored pipe cleaners. The pipe cleaners allow the instructor Mitosis and Meiosis Pipe Cleaner to highlight both recombination (crossing over) and Simulation: Crossing Over and independent assortment, two important components of Independent Assortment: meiotic cell division. The processes that create variation among gametes are also emphasized. Modeling Mitosis: Modeling Transcription and Translation: Mutation Manipulation Simulation Lab: This lesson plan includes excellent teacher support in the form of videos that explain how the pipe cleaners should be manipulated to demonstrate the concepts of mitosis, meiosis, and independent assortment. During this lesson, students will watch animated videos to provide a visual representation of the different phases of mitosis to reinforce the essential content being taught. Students will model the process of mitosis to demonstrate that cells repeatedly divide for growth and repair and daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. This lesson plan consists mostly of student-centered activities that involve learning and mastering the steps in DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication, mutations, the cell cycle, and cancer are often taught separately in high school biology. Composing an activity that connects the understanding of these concepts and how they are interrelated is not always done effectively. DNA replication is a normal task for all cells, yet some cells become cancer cells because of changes to their DNA. This unwanted mutation can surpass the check points in the cell cycle and overtake normal cells. In this two day lesson, students will be reminded of those DNA concepts using reading strategies needed to support scientific explanation with research evidence in a concise activity. This lesson builds a scaffold of background knowledge from Day 1 to enhance the simulation lab of cancer cell engulfing normal cells in Day 2, which often causes the demise of otherwise healthy individuals. The entire lesson should take about 45 minutes each day. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that describes recent research into the underlying factors affecting rheumatoid arthritis. The text describes how epigenetic analysis in knee and hip joints revealed unique patterns that suggest the disease may differ from joint to New Research into Epigenetics joint. The findings may allow for the development of more and Rheumatoid Arthritis: effective, personalized treatment for those who suffer with RA. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, a vocabulary handout, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Students will compare and contrast the non-Mendelian Non-Mendelian Genetics: Not All inheritance patterns of codominance and incomplete Genetic Crosses Are Easy-PEAsy: dominance. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. In this lesson, students will analyze a text that addresses the issue of evolution by Of Mice and Mutations: Natural natural selection and mutation, using Florida "beach mice" Selection in Action: as a case study. The lesson plan includes text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Ideas for extending the lesson are also included. Students apply the scientific process in an online lab inquiry of how traits are inherited with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. They also learn and apply the principles of Mendelian inheritance. Students make hypotheses for One Fly, Two Fly, Red Fly, Blue monohybrid, dihybrid and sex-linked traits and test their Fly: hypotheses by selecting fruit flies with different visible mutations, mating them, and analyzing the phenotypic ratios of the offspring. Students record their observations into an online notebook and write an online lab report. In this lesson, students will model an avian-human flu virus structure, replication, and spread. The accompanying PBS Pandemic Flu: NOVA movie Pandemic Flu regarding H5N1 Avian and Swine Flu highlights interactions between the virus, humans, and birds. A lesson with multi-media components from PBS/NOVA that focuses on DNA testing, including techniques, purposes, and considerations for biotechnology and human decisions regarding health. Students will learn about single Personal DNA Testing: nucleotide polymorphisms, how they are used in science, and how they are being used in the medical field. Students will apply this knowledge by looking at a mock data set and probabilities to inform medical recommendations. This PBS/NOVA lesson combines a discussion of the Nature of Science using a renowned Cancer researcher (and Profile: Judah Folkman Cancer supported by the profiles of several other renowned Research: scientists in the activities) to study concepts of creativity and tentativeness in the Nature of Science with a study of the biological characteristics of cells in disease (cancer). Students will use this hands on activity to work their way through Transcription and Translation. Students can work in small groups to first construct a complete code of mRNA, and then construct a protein by finding corresponding Protein Car Synthesis: Anticodons from tRNA. The accurate Base Pairing will result in the accumulation of Amino Acids. Amino Acids will be represented with automobile parts. For the completion of this activity, students will be able to piece together a fully formed automobile (or protein). This activity Protein Synthesis Math Relays!: is accompanied by a written analogy of Transcription and Translation using a library and a mechanic. While working in cooperative groups, students will gain practice acting out DNA replication, transcription and translation! Instead of students creating a protein as their final piece, they will need to solve a math problem and supply the correct answer as their "protein"! Students will explore the process of protein synthesis, specifically transcription and translation, using a sequenced graphic organizer and an interactive simulation (Lesson 1 & 2). This resource contains 3 lessons: Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation: Lesson 1: Transcription & Translation Lesson 2: Lac Operon Lesson 3: Proteins & Cancer As an extension (Lesson 3) the students will justify the applications of biotechnology that uses transcription and translation to synthesize proteins that target cancer cells or reason the possibilities of the amplification of antibodies using immortal cells. They will explore how mutations, genetic or epigenetic (lifestyle-chemicals, radiation, viruses), resulting in cancer. RNA and Protein Synthesis Activity with Lab: Say cheese! Do you have a genetic disease?: The student will connect changes that occur in the genetic code, during transcription and translation, to the deleterious impact on proto oncogenes that promote cell division and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit it. This lesson will clear misconceptions and probe student thinking by utilizing differentiated instruction and implementing meaningful learning. The educator will also be able to provide students with real world examples. Students are given multiple opportunities to excel and demonstrate their content knowledge throughout this lesson. By assessing their prior knowledge prior to the beginning of a new chapter students will make connections to complex concepts. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area.  The article explains how biotechnology is being used to identify genetic conditions with a phone app that gathers data from a photo to generate a list of possible genetic conditions.  This lesson includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric.  This lesson plan allows your students to research methods of reproduction that some organisms have available to them. The students will learn how some organisms can reproduce through asexual reproduction (mitosis) as well as through sexual reproduction (meiosis). Sex or No Sex? That is the Question!: Something Old, Something New...: STEM Genetics Board Game: Super Power Proteins: Suspect Strawberry, DNA testing?: Testing Mendel's Marvelous Model: This resource can be as detailed and as lengthy as the teacher desires it to be. It can be used long-term to teach multiple subjects and skills, such as, plants, mitosis, meiosis, genetics, microscope skills, slide making, data keeping, research techniques, and/or nature of science. It can be begun at any time during the course of the school year. Students will reflect on prior knowledge, record their understanding of DNA replication based on a 3D computer model, and will then create a model demonstrating the process of DNA replication. Students will investigate where DNA replication occurs in the human body and why it occurs there. Additionally, students will investigate DNA mutations and their potential impact on the organism. Finally, students will summarize what they learned by collaborating with other classmates. This is a STEM challenge to assist in teaching the probability of traits being passed down from parents to offspring by creating and playing a board game.  In this lesson the students will have the opportunity to explore the concept of transcription with a hands-on, easy to use model and also be able to create a super hero to apply the concept. This lesson uses the scientific method to extract DNA from food sources, other than strawberries, to support that DNA is common to almost all organisms. In this lesson, students demonstrate the law of segregation during meiosis, which states that a pair of alleles for a particular trait separates during cell division. They will then use Mendel's model of inheritance, which can be represented by a Punnett square, to predict the genotype and phenotype of offspring from a particular cross. They will The Amazing Octopus: The Cell Cycle: The Code of Life: The King of Dinosaurs or a Chicken Dinner?: test these predictions by simulating the results of particular crosses. In this lesson, students will read an article from the National Science Foundation that discusses the information gained through the first-ever sequencing of the octopus genome. The information gained will help scientists learn more about the function and development of the nervous system and can be applied to various aspects of brain research. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. In this lesson students will explore the cell cycle and cell division. They will utilize Power Point presentations, videos and interactive animations to answer questions pertaining to the importance of mitosis and cell growth. To reinforce skills and concepts, students will do a flip chart activity. This is a basic lesson on DNA transcription, one of the two primary steps in protein synthesis. Students will learn about the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in transcription and translation through teacher- and student-led activities. This lesson uses the fundamentals of protein synthesis as a context for investigating the closest living relative to Tyrannosaurus rex and evaluating whether or not paleontologist and dinosaur expert, Jack Horner, will be able to "create" live dinosaurs in the lab. The first objective is for students to be able to access and properly utilize the NIH's protein sequence database to perform a BLAST, using biochemical evidence to determine T rex's closest living relative. The second objective is for students to be able to explain and evaluate Jack Horner's plans for creating live dinosaurs in the lab. The main prerequisite for the lesson is a basic understanding of protein synthesis, or the flow of information in the cell from DNA to RNA during transcription and then from RNA to protein during translation. You will find downloadable handouts of the necessary documents for the lesson. To complete the lesson, you will need the handouts and ideally computers with Internet connections so that students can complete the BLAST on their own or in groups. The computers are not a requirement, however, because the video has an optional segment that goes through the BLAST step-by-step and shows students exactly what they would see if they were doing it themselves. There is an optional reading assignment from WIRED magazine at the close of the lesson, and the The Making of a Marvel: Part 1: The Making of a Marvel: Part 3: The Making of a Marvel: Part 4: The Making of a Super Hero (39855): The Real Story of Where Babies Come From: article can be accessed for free on-line at http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/09/ff_chickensaurus/. The lesson should take somewhere around 90 minutes, a portion of which is group or classroom discussion based on prompts from the video or the handouts. The Making of a Marvel Part 1 is the first lesson of the reproductive unit (six lessons total). Students will begin with making cost analysis lists, as a class, of costs and benefits to asexual and sexual reproduction. The goal of this introductory exercise is to grab attention and illustrate that in sexual reproduction, the value of genetic diversity is well worth the cost. The second phase of the lesson begins with a brief discussion on the anatomy of both male and female reproductive systems. Together as a class we will then label diagrams of both systems. As a final activity in the lesson, students will receive cut out diagrams of both male and female systems. In this hands-on-manipulative students will match the corresponding structure and function labels given to them with the correct part of the diagram. This lesson follows the gradual release method of I do, we do, you do. This lesson emphasizes the phases of meiosis and how it is different from mitosis. Students will model each phase using candy worms as chromosomes and other types of candy to represent other cellular structures. This gives students a hands on perspective of meiosis, allowing them to better grasp the differences in phases, as well as to understand the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction. In this lesson, students will examine the process of fertilization. First, students will make predictions regarding the structures of egg and sperm and how it will aid or impede the fertilization process. Students will also make predictions about why meiosis produces differences in the numbers of sperm and eggs made available. Next, students will use microscopes to examine prepared slides of sperm and eggs. They will sketch each and label structures, and answer follow up questions at various DOK levels. For a final activity, students will use a word bank to fill in a narrative paragraph describing the fertilization process. Part 1 - Students will transcribe and translate their way through a fun classroom scavenger hunt. Part 2 - After genetically manipulating Joe's DNA, students try to develop the next Super Hero. Students will observe, explore, and create a story about the main structures of the female/male reproductive systems, The Spread of Rabies in Peru: describing how these systems interact during the process of fertilization to a create human being. In this lesson plan, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area. The article explains how the rabies virus is likely to spread from the interior of Peru to its coast by the year 2020.  It further discusses the technology used to determine that the male vampire bat is most likely the carrier of the rabies virus to different areas in Peru.  The lesson plan includes a vocabulary guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric.  The Truth about Blue Eyes: The Wolfman Syndrome: These GMO Apples Won't Turn Brown: Students work together to understand an article describing how genes cause eye color (and it probably doesn't match what's in your textbook!) This clicker case uses congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH), a rare genetic disease, to teach students the basic principles of Mendelian inheritance. Students watch a video clip from an ABC News interview that introduces them to Danny Gomez, a circus performer with the Mexican international Circus. Danny and several other family members of his family have a condition called hypertrichosis-excessive hair growth in areas of the body that is not predominately androgen dependent. In the process of meeting Danny and his family, students learn basic genetic concepts including DNA organization, karyotype analysis, dominance and recessive patterns of inheritance, sex linkage, and lyonization, as well as a brief introduction to the evolutionary idea of atavism. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area. The article discusses the availability to the general public of GMO apples that take longer to turn brown. The article discusses the techniques utilized to accomplish the apples' genetic modification. A video explains the process of genetic modification and explains how GMOs have already been integrated into society. This lesson includes a notetaking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric.  How is it that all cells in our body have the same genes, yet cells in different tissues express different genes? A basic notion in biology that most high school students fail to conceptualize is the fact that all cells in the animal or human body contain the same DNA, yet different cells in different tissues express, on the one hand, a set of common genes, and on the other, express another set of genes that vary depending on the type of tissue and the stage of development. In this video lesson, the student will be reminded that genes in a cell/tissue are expressed when certain conditions in the nucleus are met. Interestingly, the system utilized by the cell to ensure tissue specific gene expression is rather simple. Among other factors - all discussed fully in the lesson - the cells make use of a tiny scaffold known as the "Nuclear Matrix or Nucleo-Skeleton". Tissue Specific Gene Expression: This video lesson spans 20 minutes and provides 5 exercises for students to work out in groups and in consultation with their classroom teacher. The entire duration of the video demonstration and exercises should take about 45-50 minutes, or equivalent to one classroom session. There are no supplies needed for students' participation in the provided exercises. They will only need their notebooks and pens. However, the teacher may wish to emulate the demonstrations used in the video lesson by the presenter and in this case simple material can be used as those used in the video. These include play dough, pencils, rubber bands (to construct the nuclear matrix model), a tennis ball and 2-3 Meters worth of shoe laces. The students should be aware of basic information about DNA folding in the nucleus, DNA replication, gene transcription, translation and protein synthesis. In this lesson, students will use manipulatives to act out the Transcription & Translation in processes of transcription and translation. Upon completion, Action: students are asked to complete a One Pager, graphic representation/reflection of their learning. This lesson will help students understand how DNA directs the making of proteins. This lesson will also assist students Transcription and Translation: in understanding the relationship between DNA and RNA and how transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule. "Transcription and Translation Made Easy" is an interactive whole-class activity that follows the transfer of information Transcription and Translation from the DNA to protein formation. The activity uses letters Made Easy: as parts of words as an analogy for amino acids as parts of proteins to allow the students to observe the type of Understanding Translation: What the HeLa?: Where it all Begins: The Basic Structures of the Reproductive System: mutations that may occur and the level of damage that each can cause. In this lesson, the students will learn about the final step of protein synthesis through a series of activities. At the end of this lesson, the students will be able tie in translation and its role in protein synthesis. Students will watch a short video introducing what HeLa cells are and why they are worth some attention. They will: 1. In a group, research specific perspectives (family, society, medical/technology, legal rights). 2. Record reasons they support/refute the ethical use of HeLa cells. 3. Get into different groups with one perspective each to debate and come to a consensus as a whole: "Is the use of HeLa cells ethical?" Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Students will understand how the structures of the human reproductive system work together to create and deliver gametes for fertilization. Text Resource Name "Nanodaisies" Deliver Drug Cocktail to Cancer Cells: Description This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This short but sophisticated article explains how a team of researchers developed daisy-shaped nanostructures to battle cancer cells and the potential impact this "Designer" Chromosome for Brewer's Yeast Built from Scratch: Animal Clones: Double Trouble?: biotechnology may have on medical issues. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Scientists have been able to create a synthetic functioning chromosome (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) found in yeast. With this breakthrough, they might be able to create customizable bio-fuels, vaccines, or even synthetic organisms in the future. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Would you want to eat "clone chops?" This article discusses the possibility of food products derived from cloned animals appearing on our plates in the future. Also Bacterial DNA May Integrate into Human Genome More Readily in Tumor Tissue: included is a brief history of cloning and the methods by which it is executed. In addition, the ethical and health arguments surrounding this development are discussed. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The article describes how scientists have recently found that lateral gene transfer occurs more rapidly into cancer or tumor cells than in normal, healthy cells. Scientists are going to further their research to see if there is a link between lateral gene transfer from the microbes that live on or around us and cancer. They believe this will also lead to a more personalized Blood Made Suitable For All: Body's Immune System Kills Mutant Cells Daily: type of medicine. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text explains how blood is classified into types based on the presence of antigens. It describes a process whereby antigens can be removed by an enzyme to make all blood types the same as the universal donor. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article explores how scientists discovered that the immune system naturally suppresses cancer while they were researching how B cells change during the growth of lymphoma. The text explains how T cells work as an Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Cells' Fiery Suicide in HIV Provides New Treatment Hope: "immune surveillance" and can be a way of preventing blood cancers. Through experimentation, scientists discovered how vitally important those cells are to possibly suppressing other forms of cancer in the future. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The phases of the cell cycle are described, along with scientists' methods of studying the process. The proteins and cyclins involved in cell division are explained as well. The text ends by exploring future opportunities for discovery in this field. This informational text resource is intended to support reading Chemists Expand Nature's Genetic Alphabet: in the content area. The article explains how HIV-infected cells go through a selfdestructive response called "pyroptosis," and how a drug might be able to prevent the infected cells' death. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article provides some of the newest and most exciting information relating to the DNA in living things. It is a synopsis of a recent experiment in which scientists were able to successfully add two new "letters" into DNA and have the cell replicate these new bases. This could lead to advances in genetics, medicine, and various other fields of study. Cloning Is Used to Create Embryonic Stem Cells: Discovery of New Enzyme Could Yield Better Plants for Biofuel: Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering and Transgenics: This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The article explains how cloning technology has achieved the long-desired goal of creating embryonic stem cells. It explores the science and morality of this complex issue. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text describes the discovery of a new gene that produces an enzyme that controls lignin production in plants. Withholding the gene results in less lignin in plants and makes it easier to extract sugars used in the production of biofuels. This informational text resource is Fetal Development, Human: intended to support reading in the content area. This thoughtprovoking article explores ethical issues and legal implications associated with genetic engineering and transgenics. It discusses the science behind genetic engineering, current research developments, and potential societal issues surrounding bioengineering of humans and other organisms. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. There are many stages of the development of living things. This article focuses on the development of a human being starting at fertilization. The author gives vivid descriptions of each step of the First-Ever Octopus Genome Sequenced: Genetic Solution to Cancer, Diabetes?: process, breaking these steps into two larger groups: early development and the fetal period. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. The article discusses the information gained through the sequencing of the octopus' genome. This information will help scientists learn more about the function and development of the nervous system and can be applied to brain research. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text describes a rare form of dwarfism called Laron's Syndrome, which is associated with an unusually GM Mosquitoes Succeed at Reducing Dengue, Company Says: low incidence of cancer and diabetes. This combination of characteristics allows scientists to speculate on the relationship between all three conditions. It appears that a mutation that causes dwarfism protects against the common diseases of cancer and diabetes. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. The article describes a recent study that allowed researchers to prove the benefits of releasing GM mosquitoes in Brazil in order to decrease disease transmission. At first, research showed that the mosquito population had dropped, but then the research also showed that diseases like How Basic Research Fuels Medical Advances: Human DNA Is Not A Document, It's An App: dengue fever had dropped dramatically in comparison to areas with conventional mosquito control. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Research out of Scripps Research Institute’s Florida campus illustrates how studying simple processes, such as DNA replication, can lead to highly beneficial medical advances: in this case, a possible cure for adultonset muscular dystrophy. The article also shows how basic research has led to some familiar medical applications. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article discusses the Humans and Squid Evolved Same Eyes Using Same Genes: relevance of the new findings regarding DNA coding and uses seven technological metaphors (i.e. Apps and Zappos) to compare DNA coding to contemporary physics. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text discusses the evolution of the eye across different types of organisms. Eyes have evolved independently several times (such as in squid vs. humans), though all animals with eyes share the Pax6 gene, which is responsible for organizing the formation of a simple eye. The evolution of the Pax6 gene, particularly in how its RNA product is spliced, is Incredible Technology: How to Bring Extinct Animals Back to Life: Is Large-Scale Production of Biofuel Possible?: responsible for the diversity of eye types, such as the camera eye in squid. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The article discusses possible ways in which an extinct animal might be revived, as well as the potential consequences of de-extinction. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Is largescale production of biofuel possible? The author attempts to answer this key question. As the world seeks to decrease its dependence on petroleum fuel by genetically engineering certain crops, there is the potential to commercially produce biofuels. Plant sources for IVF Pioneer Wins Medicine Nobel Prize: Killing a Patient to Save His Life: bioenergy, the harnessing of plant bioenergy, and the sustainability of the industry are all issues considered in this text. The article discusses both environmental and economic consequences. This informational text is intended to support reading in the content area. This article covers the topics of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), bioengineering, the scientific pioneers, and the ethical debate surrounding it. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article explores a controversial clinical trial being conducted by the University of Pittsburgh. Scientists are Know Your Genes: exploring more efficient ways to save lives when patients enter the emergency room in critical condition. The idea involves draining the patient's blood and replacing it with freezing saltwater to induce a hypothermic state that will buy doctors more time to save human lives. This is causing an ethical debate as patients will be essentially clinically dead during this procedure. The technique is known as Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR). This website is a good resource for reviewing the basics of the study of genetics. It conveniently lists and describes common genetic disorders, and describes procedure for Live Cells Printed Using 'Rubber Stamp' Method: Long-held Theory on Human Gestation Refuted: setting up a medical family tree. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article discusses how new 3D printing methods can be used to print new living cells rapidly. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This is a fine synopsis of a previously reported (and highly technical) study that shows the thought process behind challenging an existing theory. The subject is human evolution and the biology of childbirth. It encompasses basic anthropology concepts such as walking upright, as well as the biology of energy needs in pregnancy. Long-held views Mitosis Online Activity: Rabies Could Spread to Peru's Coast by 2020: Raman Method Analyzes Live Cells Quickly and Accurately : (that narrow birth canals are required for bipedalism) are debunked by careful analysis of how women with varying hip widths actually walk—and the authors found no difference. Mitosis internet exploration: Identifying the different stages of mitosis in plant and animal cells. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. The article discusses how the rabies virus is likely to spread to the coast of Peru by the year 2020. It further discusses the technology used to determine that the male vampire bat is most likely the carrier of the rabies virus to different areas in Peru. This informational Rewriting Genetic Information to Prevent Disease: text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology has developed a non-invasive process for analyzing living cells. This technique uses Raman spectroscopy and will be able to to identify cancer cells based upon their unique Raman spectra. Alternative applications include separating bone marrow from other tissues for transplantation. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. CRISPR is an ancient immune response mechanism found in many bacteria that can locate and destroy the Rheumatoid Arthritis Mechanisms May Vary by Joint: Sexual Reproduction - How it Works: genome of an invader, such as a virus. Now researchers want to harness this natural system to control gene editing and regulation, and potentially correct harmful genetic mutations in humans. The ethical considerations of this technology are also discussed. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. New research indicates that rheumatoid arthritis mechanisms may vary by joint. These findings may point to developing specific therapies for individual patients that target precise locations. This informational text resource is intended to Slug-Inspired Glue Can Heal a Broken Heart: Some Genes Remain "Alive" for Days After the Body Dies: support reading in the content area. This article gives an overview of the human reproductive system, including the organs that are present in both sexes and the role that each gender plays in reproduction. It is organized in a manner that supports readers' comprehension of the subject and captures their attention. This informational text is intended to support reading in the content area. The article describes a new glue, mimicking the sea slug, that can be used to mend heart defects. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Researchers from the University of Washington, led Ten things to know about Scott Kelly’s #YearInSpace: by microbiologist Peter Nobel, found that hundreds of genes reawaken and function in mice and fish for up to four days. Nobel also discovered that these genes are responsible for responding to stress and regulating the immune system. There were also others that are important for a developing embryo being used and these shouldn’t be needed after birth. In addition, the genes may also be linked to increased cancer in organ transplants and scientists are hoping to use the information in forensic science to better estimate a time of death. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. The article The Cell's Protein Factory in Action: describes an ongoing NASA research project where astronaut Scott Kelly and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko are being tested for the effects of a year-long spaceflight. However, the science of their mission spans three years: one year before they left, one year in space, and another upon their return. In addition, part of the research also includes the Twin Study; Scott’s identical twin brother, and a former astronaut, served as a human control on the ground during Scott’s year-long stay in space. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The ribosome, the site of protein synthesis, is the focus of this The First Non-Browning GMO Apples Slated to Hit Shelves Next Month: The Mythology of Natural Selection: article. The text describes how a problem-some antibiotics are targeting the ribosomes of both harmful and beneficial bacteria-is being solved by studying the movement of ribosomes during translation. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The article discusses newly developed apples that have lower levels of PPO enzyme, thus keeping them from turning brown quickly. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text describes how natural selection occurs when mutations occur in an individual's DNA sequence. Two different This App Uses Facial Recognition Software to Help Identify Genetic Conditions: What is Cancer? What Causes Cancer?: populations can have two different genetic mutations yet end up with a similar phenotype. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The article describes a new tool (Face2Gene) that is being used by geneticists to help identify genetic disorders. The app uploads a picture and searches databases for specific facial measurements and characteristics common to specific genetic conditions. The app sends out a list of possible conditions, as well as a metric of their likelihood. This informational text is intended to support reading in the content area. Why People Oppose GMOs Even Though Science Says They Are Safe: This article both identifies cancer and some of its causes; specifically, the fact that uncontrolled cell growth may result in a cancerous tumor. The informational text resource explains why the conventional wisdom of much of the public tends to be against GMOs: genetically modified organisms. Author Stefaan Blancke discusses why people feel hostile toward GMOs: because of emotions, intuitions, and essentialism. The author explains that science has found nothing unsafe about GMOs, but he does conclude that each GMO should be researched and admits that some GM applications could have unwanted effects. Student Center Activity Name Description Use this resource as a follow up to the following video that explains RNAi http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.gen.rnai/rnaiActing Out discovered/. This group activity can introduces two analogies to Transcription and illustrate how RNAi interferes with specific gene expression and Translation (A Model): protein production. In the first model, students review protein synthesis. In the second model, the interference of RNAi with the protein production is illustrated. Throughout this process, students develop an understanding of transcription and translation. In this problem set, multiple choice problems are displayed one at a Dihybrid Cross time. If students answer correctly, they are shown a short explanation. Problem Set: If their answer is incorrect, a tutorial will follow, and the students will be given another chance to answer. Perspectives Video: Expert Name Description Your understanding of agriscience will bloom and grow as this plant Agriculture: Mitosis and Meiosis: geneticist describes how they use mitosis and meiosis when developing new grape varieties. This plant geneticist wants to propagate Agriculture: Plant Propagation via Asexual Reproduction: knowledge about different kinds of plant propagation. Dr. Mahmood Shivji describes Assessment of Genetic Biodiversity of Deep-sea Fish in the Gulf of Mexico: research efforts to assess biodiversity Biochemistry and Medicine: DNA Microsatellite Analysis for Plant Ecology: Gene Expression and Regulation: Mutations, the Cell Cycle, and Cancer: Observable Inheritance Patterns: of fish species in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico through the use of genetic testing. Advances in "big data" are leading to rapid developments in personalized medicine. Learn more! Dr. David McNutt explains how large clonal plant populations can be analyzed with microsatellite analysis of their DNA. Genes are transcribed and translated into proteins, a process called gene expression. Learn here how you have the proteins you need in the quantities required through regulation. Sometimes the cell cycle gets derailed a bit, which can lead to the development of tumors. Learn more about mutations! A plant geneticist describes observable inheritance Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression: Protein Factories: Proteins and Secretory Pathways: Rapid Genetic Identification of Sharks: Relationship of Cnidarian Gametes and Body Mass: The Geometry of DNA Replication: patterns and genetic mutations in maize. Check this out and learn about how prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate gene expression. What's in a molecular biologist's toolbox? Very small tools for working with cellular machines and molecules! A cell has made a protein; now what? Learn more about protein secretion! Dr. Mahmood Shivji explains how rapid genetic testing of shark tissue samples is used to address societal pressures on marine environments. Will Ryan describes the relationship between anemone reproductive strategy and body mass. A discussion of the applications of Knot Theory, replication of DNA, enzymes, and fluid dynamics. Transcription and Translation: Viruses, Bacteria, and Biotechnology: Viticulture and Biotechnology: How do you know what genes are thinking? By their expression. Learn more from a plant geneticist. Watch now and learn more about plants, bacteria, and phage viruses! A viticulture scientist explains grape expectations for medicine and society. Original Tutorial Name Description Learn strategies to help you solve genetics problems by applying your knowledge of inheritance Analyzing Patterns of Inheritance: patterns. You’ll encounter a few “mystery cases” that you’ll solve through your genetics analysis in this interactive tutorial. Examine how genetic identification is aiding marine biologists studying organisms in Assessment of Genetic Biodiversity through Biotechnology: deep ocean regions. This interactive tutorial also features a CPALMS Perspectives video. By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to explain the relationship between mutations, Cancer: Mutated Cells Gone Wild!: the cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth which may result in cancer. In this tutorial you will compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis: You will also relate them to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. Learn how to identify explicit evidence and understand implicit meaning in a text… Complex Modes of Inheritance: DNA Replication: DNA to Genes to Proteins: Differentiate between polygenic and multiple alleles. Predict genetic outcomes using a Punnett square with alleles that result in a codominant trait. Analyze observed outcomes of a sex linked trait using a Punnett square. Analyze observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritances including codominant, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles. You began your life as a single cell and you now have trillions of cells. Even though a cell only uses a portion of its DNA, each cell contains the same set of DNA instructions. How is it possible that DNA can be copied so that every cell gets the same set of instructions? By the end of this tutorial you should be able to describe how DNA is copied and explain how this process allows cells to have identical genetic information. The focus of this tutorial is the first step of protein synthesis, transcription of DNA to RNA. Students are introduced to the concept of epigenetics as a mechanism to activate or inactivate gene expression. Learn how to: Impact of Biotechnology: Meiosis: A Love Story: Protein Synthesis: Your Personal Protein Factory: Reproduction Strategies: The Universal Genetic Code: define biotechnology identify examples of biotechnologies discriminate between varying biotechnologies and consider the benefits to the individual and society summarize the impact of biotechnologies on the individual, society and the environment By the end of this tutorial you should be able to describe the process by which sex cells, the sperm and the egg, are created in living things, and describe how sexual reproduction results in genetically diverse offspring. By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Explore consequences and challenges of reproductive strategies of sea anemones. Learn how to better understand the composition of DNA, the purpose of the information in DNA, why the DNA sequence is considered a universal code, and what might happen if mistakes appear in the code. Video/Audio/Animation Name Description Bacteria: Can We Live Forever? (video): Cancer: Cancer and the Cell Cycle: Cell Division and the Cell Cycle: This video discusses how bacteria spread and the pros and cons of bacteria. This 2011 episode of PBS's Nova ScienceNow contains a few segments describing cutting edge science regarding longevity. The program touches on the science of laboratory-created body parts, the genetics of longevity, and creating technical extensions of ourselves through avatars that could live forever. The production style is lighthearted, informative, and very engaging for students. An introduction to what cancer is and how it is the byproduct of broken DNA replication. The National Institute of Health website provides a set of short animations of the cell cycle and cancer growth. This dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the wonder and miracle of the cell division and cell cycle. It is designed as a motivational "trailer" to be shown by Biology, Biochemistry and Life Science teachers in middle and high school. Development of the Human Embryonic Brain: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Video Clips: DNA Tutorial: DNA: Animations: This video presentation shows how the fetal brain grows during pregnancy, both in terms of its size and the number of neurons. The website is a compilation of short video clips, word documents, pdf's, PowerPoint presentations, and other activities. This website has a nice graphic depiction of complementary base pairing, as well as a great video computer model of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Additional links are provided for further study. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute makes available twenty-five short, narrated animations about DNA at this link. The animations Exploring Mutant Organisms: Genetically Modified Organisms: are viewable as video clips and topics include, but are not limited to DNA structure, DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutations in DNA, polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and shotgun sequencing. Interviews with expert scientists about the genome and mutant organisms Examples on model organisms used in genome research Animation explaining how mutations occur How is technology changing the world around you? This video will really get you thinking. It explores the medical and ethical issues behind genetically modified organisms. The genetic makeup of organisms has been changing naturally over time. However, with the advancements in technology, man has stepped in and can now genetically transform an organism. As impressive as that may be, it is important to consider the impact that the use of this biotechnology has on us as individuals, on our society, and on the environment around us. HIV Life Cycle: Lab: Bacterial Transformation: This video presentation will help you to understand how HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery. This activity provides a historical background about research related to bacterial analysis Contains an animation that shows how enzymes work on cutting DNA strands Lab: DNA Extraction: Background on the discovery of the DNA double helix Contains an interactive Lab: DNA Fingerprint: Alu: Lab: Mendelian Inheritance: Lab: Restriction Analysis: activity for base pairing Contains an interactive activity for DNA extraction Background on tracking human ancestry using the alu marker Animation on polymerase chain reaction, PCR Interactive activity for performing PCR Provides a historical background about Gregor Mendel, the father of Genetics Lists the rules of inheritance Contains an interactive activity for making a pedigree An interactive exercise for using agarose gel electrophoresis for separating DNA molecules Meiosis vs. Mitosis : How cells divide.: MIT BLOSSOMS - Discovering Medicines, Using Robots and Computers: Explain how restriction endonucleases is used in restriction analysis of DNA This is a computer animation side by side of meiosis and mitosis comparing the phases as they occur slowly. Scientists who are working to discover new medicines often use robots to prepare samples of cells, allowing them to test chemicals to identify those that might be used to treat diseases. Students will meet a scientist who works to identify new medicines. She created free software that "looks" at images of cells and determines which images show cells that have responded to the potential medicines. Students will learn about how this technology is currently enabling research to identify new antibiotics to treat tuberculosis. Students will complete hands-on activities that demonstrate how new medicines can be discovered using MIT BLOSSOMS - Using DNA to Identify People: robots and computer software, starring the student as "the computer." In the process, the students learn about experimental design, including positive and negative controls. Students should have some introductory knowledge about the following topics: (1) biology: students should have a basic understanding of infection and good hygiene, they should know what bacteria and cells are; (2) chemistry: the students should know what a chemical compound (molecule) is. They should have an understanding that medicines, also called "drugs", are chemical compounds; (3) basic experimental design: students should understand the terms "samples" and "testing". All handouts necessary for this video lesson can be downloaded below. This lesson focuses on the molecular biology technique of DNA fingerprinting: what it is, how it works, and how the data from these experiments are used for paternity testing and forensics. DNA can be used to tell people apart because humans differ from each other based on either their DNA sequences or the lengths of repeated regions of DNA. Length differences are typically used in forensics and paternity testing. The technique of gel electrophoresis separates DNA by size, thus allowing people to be identified based on analyzing the lengths of their DNA. We discuss how gel electrophoresis works, and lab footage is shown of this technique being performed in real time. Students then analyze results from these experiments and work on case examples using DNA to match babies to parents and crime scene evidence to suspects. In terms of prerequisite knowledge, it would be ideal if students already have learned that DNA is the genetic material, and that DNA is made up of As, Ts, Gs, and Cs. It also would help if students already know that each human has Phases of Mitosis: Photosynthesis animation and other cell processes in animation: Sex-Linked Traits: two versions of every piece of DNA in their genome, one from mom and one from dad. Necessary supplies for this lesson include only paper and writing utensils, and the ability to print out or display the provided handouts. The lesson will take about one class period, with roughly 30 minutes of footage and 30 minutes of activities. At the end of the lesson, an optional video tour of the Cambridge Police Department's Identification Lab is provided, giving students an opportunity to see the equipment used in crime labs to isolate both real fingerprints and DNA for DNA fingerprint analysis, from evidence found at crime scenes. This video discusses the phases of mitosis. This site has fantastic short Flash animations of intricate cell processes, including photosynthesis and the electron transport chain. This video describes the chromosomal Translation: Video: Mitosis: Viruses: basis for gender and sex-linked traits. A detailed depiction of translation, the second stage of protein synthesis. This is the third in a series of three animations on protein synthesis. This is a brief video that can be used in a 7th grade classroom to demonstrate the process of mitosis. It could be used repeatedly to reinforce the stages as this is typically a difficult concept for middle school age students to comprehend. This videos discusses how viruses work. Tutorial Name Binary Fission: Cancer: Chromosomes Carry Genes: Description This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of binary fission in bacteria. During binary fission, the DNA copies itself, the cell divides in half, and two identical daughter cells are produced. This Khan Academy video discusses the basics of cancer. The relationship between mutation, the cell cycle and uncontolled cell growth is explained. With this tutorial, you can understand that DNA is wrapped together to form Chromosomes, Chromatids, and Chromatin: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: structures called chromosomes. Genes are sections of DNA that are carried on the chromosomes and determine specific characteristics in organisms. This specific tutorial focuses on sex-linked traits and the work done by Thomas Hunt Morgan with fruit flies. This Khan Academy video reviews the basic processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis. It then goes on to explain how the terms chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid, relate to each other. This tutorial will help students understand the differences between meiosis and mitosis. The processes differ in two fundamental ways. Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has one of each. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis, the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other. This tutorial will help you compare meiosis and mitosis. It discusses the similarities that are found in both, as well as the fundamental differences between the two types of cell division. This tutorial will help you to understand the differences and similarities between meiosis and mitosis. Diagnosing Words: Effective Vocabulary Strategies: DNA: DNA Fingerprinting: DNA Replication: Click "View Site" to open a full-screen version. This tutorial is designed to help secondary science teachers learn how to integrate literacy skills into their science curriculum. This tutorial will demonstrate a number of strategies teachers can impart to students to help them use context clues to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words within science texts. It will also help them teach students how to select the appropriate definition from reference materials. The focus on literacy across content areas is intended to help foster students’ reading, writing, and thinking skills in multiple disciplines. This Khan Academy video describes the structure of the molecule DNA in great detail. It also discuses the role DNA plays in the process of protein synthesis, explaining transcription and translation. The video discusses the relationship between DNA and chromosomes as well. This tutorial will help you to visualize how DNA fingerprinting uses the pattern of DNA fragments caused by specific enzymes to identify individual organisms including humans, animals, plants or any other organism with DNA. This tutorial will help you to understand how nucleotides are added to the leading and lagging strands of DNA during replication. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. DNA Replication: DNA Sequencing Using the Sanger Method: DNA Structure: DNA Three Letter Words: DNA- Transcription and Translation: This tutorial will help learners understand the process of DNA replication, including the enzymes involved. Learners will be able to recognize that an exact copy of DNA must be created prior to cell division. DNA sequencing is a technique for determining the complete sequence of bases (As, Ts, Gs, and Cs) for a particular piece of DNA. Sequencing is relatively time consuming, as the process must be done to fairly short lengths of DNA at a time. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of DNA sequencing. This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of DNA and how this structure allows for accurate replication. You will see how the genetic code, using the DNA alphabet A,T,C, and G, produces codons to specify the 20 known amino acids. Each codon consists of a three letter code producing 64 possible words which specify the amino acids and stop signals. This interactive tutorial explore the process of DNA replication. It provides practice opportunities to check your understanding of transcription DNA: The Book of You: Embryonic Stem Cells: Genes Come in Pairs: and translation, the processes the occur to convert genetic information into vital proteins. This resource is part of a larger collection of information regarding the Human Genome Project and Genetic Engineering. Users may view information before and after the transcription and translation components highlighted here. Your body is made of cells -but how does a single cell know to become part of your nose, instead of your toes? The answer is in your body's instruction book: DNA. Joe Hanson compares DNA to a detailed manual for building a person out of cells -- with 46 chapters (chromosomes) and hundreds of thousands of pages covering every part of you. This Khan Academy video describes what happens to a zygote as it becomes an embyro. It further explains what a stem cell is and discusses why there are questions concerning the use of stem cells. This tutorial will help you to understand that genes play an important role in determining physical traits. These traits helps us to identify the homozygous or heterozygous variety of genes. When the pair of genes are homozygous, they are known as pure bred, i.e they have two copies of the same gene for each trait. For heterozygous variety, they have different gene for each trait. Out of this pair, one will be dominant and other will be recessive. How do cancer cells grow? How does chemotherapy fight cancer (and cause negative side effects)? The answers lie How Do Cancer Cells Behave Differently From Healthy Ones?: in cell division. George Zaidan explains how rapid cell division is cancer’s "strength" -- and also its weakness. This TED-ED original lesson explains the three common routes of metastasis. Cancer usually begins with one tumor in a specific area of the body. But if the tumor is not removed, cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs as How Does Cancer Spread Through the Body?: well as places far away from the origin, like the brain. How does cancer move to these new areas and why are some organs more likely to get infected than others? Ivan Seah Yu Jun explains the three common routes of metastasis. How Intracellular Receptors Regulate Gene Transcription: Gene transcription is controlled by multiple factors. Some proteins bind to DNA sequences and start the process of gene transcription. RNA synthesis can only occur when these activators are bound to specific DNA sequences. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of gene transcription. How Meiosis Works: This tutorial discusses the process of meiosis which Human Chromosomes: Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte: Meiosis: Meiosis: Meiosis 1: results in the formation of sperm cells and egg cells. It is the process by which diploid cells become haploid gametes. This tutorial will allow the student to model the process of making a karyotype which is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell. Students will match each pair of chromosomes by their size, the size and location of chromosome bands, and location of the centromere. This tutorial will help you to understand the function of the follicle. Each follicle is a single egg cell surrounded by several layers of follicle cells. An ovary consists of many follicles. The follicle cells protect and nourish the egg prior to its release into the oviducts during ovulation. This animation describes what occurs in a cell during the process of meiosis. Each phase of meiosis is defined and a visual accompanies the definition. Students can see the process of a diploid cell becoming a haploid cell. This tutorial will help students understand the process of meiosis. Each stage in the process of meiosis is explained and animated in this tutorial. This tutorial will help you to understand the unique features of the first round of meiosis. In meiosis 1, members of homologous chromosome pairs are separated. This results in Meiosis II: Meiosis Tutorial: Meiosis with Crossing Over: Mitosis: Mitosis and DNA Replication: Phases of Meiosis I: Phases of Meiosis II: the segregation of genes into two gametes. This tutorial will help you to understand how meiosis II is very similar to mitosis. In both cases, chromosomes line up and sister chromatids are separated by the action of the spindle fibers. This online tutorial is designed to help students understand the events that occur in process of meiosis. An important fundamental concept of genetics is the idea of independent assortment. This states that genes are inherited independently of one another. This tutorial will help you better understand crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis. Mitosis is the process by which a cell duplicates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, in order to generate two, identical, daughter nuclei. This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of mitosis. The learners can also understand the terms with the glossary provided in the animation. This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail, describing the events that occur during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. The process of DNA replication is also explained. This video discusses the phases of Meiosis (Part 1 of 2). This video discusses the phases of Meiosis (Part 2 of 2). Polymerase Chain Reaction: Polymerase Chain Reaction: Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Punnet Square Fun: This tutorial introduces the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is a technique used in molecular biology to make multiple copies of a gene even when only small amounts of DNA are available. This tutorial will help you to understand the procedure of amplifying a single copy of DNA into millions of copies. Polymerase chain reaction is a molecular prototyping technique which helps in copying small segments of DNA into significant amounts required for molecular and genetic analyses. Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and RNA. It is a two step process (1) Transcription and (2) Translation. This tutorial will help the learners understand these two steps of protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the making of proteins using the information that is found in DNA. This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of protein synthesis through a video animation. This tutorial is a full lesson on the process of protein synthesis. Transcription and translation are both explained in detail. This Khan Academy video explains and demonstrates how to use Punnett Squares for monohybrid crosses and dihybrid crosses. The video also shows how to use Punnett Squares for Regulating Genes: RNA Translation: Sex-Linked Traits: Some Genes are Dominant: Spermatogenesis: inheritance patterns such as codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles. This tutorial uses animation and practice opportunities to explore how mutations in DNA can impact the expression of a gene. Get a close up view of the nucleus of a fertilized egg and observe how mutations in different locations of a DNA strand influence the traits that are expressed during development. This tutorial will demonstrates the process of RNA translation through an interactive animation. This Khan Academy tutorial addresses the differences between the X and Y chromosomes in humans. The SRY gene found on the Y chromosome is discussed and the genes that cause colorblindness and hemophilia on the X chromosome are discussed. This tutorial will help you to understand how Mendel, the father of genetics, planned and crossed the pure-bred pea plant to understand the process of genetics. With the help of the animation, you should be able to understand how the alleles are transferred from one generation to another. Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. This tutorial will help the learners to understand Stages of Meiosis: Stages of Meiosis: The Process of DNA Replication: the process of spermatogenesis. Meiosis is the process by which a diploid eukaryotic cell divides to generate four haploid cells. This process is important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction. This tutorial will help you understand the process of meiosis and its various stages. This animation details the process of meiosis and explains each of the stages. DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of DNA replication and the factors involved in the replication process. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. Transcription and Translation: Unique Features of Meiosis: This Khan Academy video briefly describes DNA replication and then goes into a thorough explanation of both transcription and translation. This tutorial will help you to understand the basic principles of genetic inheritance which are segregation and independent assortment of two alleles. The principles of genetic inheritance are based on unique features of meiosis. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes and the separation of the homologous pairs during anaphase 1 cause the segregation of alleles. Crossing over and the random separation of chromosomes cause independent assortment. This tutorial will help you to understand the three unique features of meiosis and how meiosis is related to genetic inheritance. Unique Features of Meiosis: Virtual Manipulative Name Description The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Students will explore the effects of mutation within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA. Build a GeneNetwork: Centre of the Cell: Mitosis Interactive: Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the various genes and DNA control elements are mutated (added or removed). Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the concentration of lactose is changed. Explain the roles of Lacl, LacZ, and LacY in lactose regulation. In this interactive, students order stages of mitosis. Each stage is represented by a short video of a real cell undergoing that phase of mitosis and a short description of the events. Students order DNA - The Double Helix Game: DNA Extraction Virtual Lab: DNA Polymerase: DNA Replication Animation: the videos to create a short video of mitosis. DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms and some viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each other in a helix, and these stands are held in place by four chemicals called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases pair up with each other in a specific manner to form units called base pairs - adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a double-stranded DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA belongs to. In this interactive Biotechniques virtual lab, you will isolate DNA from a human test subject and learn the uses for DNA obtained through extraction. The "Try It Yourself" section below the virtual lab gives instruction and background information about how to extract DNA from living tissue using basic materials available in grocery stores. In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules. DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides alongside a DNA strand, which they read and use as a template. The newly-polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand. This resource is an animation to explain DNA replication. It is an interactive simulation activity for students. See DNA to Protein: DNA-The Double Helix: Gel electrophoresis Virtual Lab: Genetics: Meiosis or Mitosis: also "Transcription and Translation Animation" to get all of the steps from DNA to protein. This website contains many interactive activities that can be used by students to gain an understanding of translation and transcription. In this interactive game, the students will understand how a DNA molecule is built up, how the copies of the DNA molecule made and what is the meaning of base-pairing. The job of the students in this game is to first make exact copies of a double-stranded DNA molecule by correctly matching the base pairs to each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA belongs to. This virtual lab provides an excellent resource to show how biotechnology can be incorporated into an actual situation. The student will be walked through the gel electrophoresis process and then apply the results to solve a crime. This tutorial explores the work of Gregor Mendel and his foundational genetics experiments with pea plants. It provides practice opportunities to check your understanding of inheritance patterns including single gene recessive traits and sex linked traits. The tutorial also covers more complex patterns of inheritance such those resulting from multiple alleles. Note: This resource is part of a larger collection of information regarding Genetics. Users may view information before and after the specific genetics components highlighted here. This virtual lab has three components: a short tutorial describing meiosis, a series of microscope slides allowing students to identify stages of meiosis, and a karyotyping activity. The first Mitosis: Norn Genetics: Protein Synthesis: components support student understanding of mitosis and meiosis, as well as gamete formation. The karyotyping activity is fun and interesting for students, but is not necessary for mastery of NGSS science benchmarks. This website provides an interactive demonstration of a cell going through the different stages of mitosis. You can progress through each stage at your own pace, or watch as the process unfolds before your eyes. The demonstration also has a description of what happens in each phase of mitosis, from interphase through cytokenesis. This is a simplified, interactive demonstration of genetic principles. Using a fictional species named the Norn, students can predict the outcome of genetic crosses (mono and di-hybrid, sex-linked, and multiple-allele). This could be used to strengthen the students understanding of genetics, practice Punnet squares, or practice calculation of genotypic/phenotypic ratios. However, it is unlikely to be useful as an independent assignment (if used as designed). This visual tutorial of the complex biochemical process helps the student to understand the process of protein synthesis. This manipulative gives the students detailed information starting with the basics of genetic codes called codons. Next, the lesson then leads the students towards detailed information of mRNA, tRNA and rRNAs. The final phase helps students by describing the complete process of protein synthesis from initiation, to elongation and then to termination. The tutorial offers check questions at every stage to ensure students are learning the important information. Transcription and Translation Animation: This interactive animation allows students to replicate the steps of protein synthesis from DNA. It coincides with the resource "DNA Replication Animation". The genes in DNA encode protein molecules. Expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein.Translation is the key process of making a protein from the genetic code expresses in the DNA. In translation, messenger RNA is read according to the Translation: Making a protein from a messenger RNA: genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins. This virtual manipulative will allow the students to understand the process of translation. Students will also get a chance to observe, what happens when a new random mutation generates stop codons. In this resource, students can watch a short video to better understand Punnett Squares, then practice their understanding with the virtual lab. In the virtual lab, scenarios are presented using flies where the student has to Virtual Lab: Punnett Squares: determine the genotypes of the parent flies based on the information given. Once the parent genotypes are entered correctly, the student then has to determine the genotype and phenotype combinations in the Punnett Square. Educational Game Name Description This interactive website provides challenging questions for students to work cooperatively as they review for formative or summative Cell Cycle for 500, Alex - Cell Cycle Jeopardy Template: assessments. The questions provide scaffolding as they progress in order from factual recall to inference.This activity addresses several standards The Control of the Cell Cycle: Transcribe and Translate a Gene: including meiosis, mitosis, gamete/spore formation and independent assortment. The Control of the Cell Cycle educational game is based on the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded for discoveries concerning the control of the cell cycle. See how cells "read" the information in a DNA sequence to build a protein, then build one yourself! Teaching Idea Name Comparing and Contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis: Dihybrid Crosses: Fish and Onions, Can You Dig It?: Modeling Transcription and Translation : Description This step-by-animations explores the stages of two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis, and how these processes are compared and contrasted to one another and provides a printable version. This simple guide will walk you through the steps of solving a typical dihybrid cross common in genetics. The method can also work for any cross that involves two traits. This resource provides microscope photos of fish and onion cells and allows students to identify the phase of mitosis shown in each photograph. In the lab "From Gene to Protein - Transcription and Translation," students learn how genes are involved in the process of protein synthesis, including exploring specific examples such as albinism and sickle cell anemia. Transcription and Translation Using Edible Models Lesson Plan: Translation Activity-SeaWorld Classroom Activity: Students use paper models to simulate the process of transcription and translation. The purpose of this lesson is to convey to the students that the cell is not static. The proteins, which function as the structure and the machinery of the cell, must be constantly manufactured in order to support the cell's life processes. Through the processes of transcription and translation, which are described in this lesson, the genetic code in the cell is decoded in order to construct these proteins. During this lesson, the students will be introduced to the "big picture" of protein synthesis through a hands-on activity in which they transcribe an mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence, and then translate a protein from that mRNA sequence. Finally, they will explore the evolutionary and regulatory reasons for the processes described by the Central Dogma. Students will identify the steps involved in the translation process. Perspectives Video: Professional/Enthusiast Name Description Watch as Sue Livingston reveals how DNA and DNA Biotechnology and Forensic Science: forensic biotechnology methods can be used to help solve crimes. Pregnancy and Birth: This woman knows all about birthing babies! Worksheet Name Description This is a lab/activity that uses dragons as "research subjects" for genetics research. It highlights independent assortment as well as gene linkage. Students will do the first part of the activity using independent assortment (genes on different chromosomes). The second part of the activity looks at genes on the same chromosome, and how linkage Dragon Genetics -- Independent Assortment and Gene Linkage : plays a part in allele assortment. It can be used to show how crossing over allows increased variation when involving linked genes. The Biology Corner: Worksheets are available in both Word and PDF formats, for both teacher and student. There is an additional dragon genetics lab that illustrates the principles of Mendelian genetics as a whole. This resource for biology teachers includes a lesson plan section which contains classroom activities, labs and worksheets. The activity sheets are categorized by Science and Literacy, Anatomy, Scientific Method, Cells, Phyla, Evolution and Taxonomy, Genetics, Ecology, and Plants. 3D Modeling Name Description Proteins are amazing molecules! But where do proteins come How to Make a Protein in 3D: from? In this activity, we will review the process of protein Sickle Cell Hemoglobin: synthesis that includes transcription of DNA and translation into a peptide using 3D printed nucleotides, tRNA molecules and amino acids to build your own peptide. Sickle cell disease results from a single nucleotide mutation in a hemoglobin gene leading to an altered protein sequence and a different three dimensional shape. In this activity, students will assemble normal and sickle cell hemoglobin molecules and investigate what leads to an abnormal red blood cell in patients with the mutation. Perspectives Video: Teaching Idea Name Description In this table-top karyotyping activity, students group Karyotyping : chromosomes, identify abnormalities, and then research the resulting genetic disorder. Don't lose your marbles over genetics concepts! Here's an idea Modeling Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance: to teach about non-Mendelian inheritance! Is that your tosis? No, it's mitosis! Listen to this teacher describe a Tabletop Mitosis: fun, interactive simulation that will help students understand mitosis and the cell cycle. Here's a genetics activity that's out Teaching Inheritance with Alien Family Photos: of this world! Get out the popcorn; it's time for science. This teacher talks about Using Films to Connect Science Content to the Real World: three films she uses to make movie day a productive class day. Resource Collection Name neoK12: Student Resources Description Educational lesson, videos and games for K-12 students. Covers all subjects, with Science and Social Studies very well represented. Title Agriculture: Mitosis and Meiosis: Agriculture: Plant Propagation via Asexual Reproduction: Analyzing Patterns of Inheritance: Assessment of Genetic Biodiversity through Biotechnology: Bacteria: Binary Fission: Biochemistry and Medicine: Build a GeneNetwork: Description Your understanding of agriscience will bloom and grow as this plant geneticist describes how they use mitosis and meiosis when developing new grape varieties. This plant geneticist wants to propagate knowledge about different kinds of plant propagation. Learn strategies to help you solve genetics problems by applying your knowledge of inheritance patterns. You’ll encounter a few “mystery cases” that you’ll solve through your genetics analysis in this interactive tutorial. Examine how genetic identification is aiding marine biologists studying organisms in deep ocean regions. This interactive tutorial also features a CPALMS Perspectives video. This video discusses how bacteria spread and the pros and cons of bacteria. This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of binary fission in bacteria. During binary fission, the DNA copies itself, the cell divides in half, and two identical daughter cells are produced. Advances in "big data" are leading to rapid developments in personalized medicine. Learn more! The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Students will explore the effects of mutation within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA. Cancer: Cancer: Cancer and the Cell Cycle: Cancer: Mutated Cells Gone Wild!: Chromosomes, Chromatids, and Chromatin: Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the various genes and DNA control elements are mutated (added or removed). Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the concentration of lactose is changed. Explain the roles of Lacl, LacZ, and LacY in lactose regulation. An introduction to what cancer is and how it is the by-product of broken DNA replication. This Khan Academy video discusses the basics of cancer. The relationship between mutation, the cell cycle and uncontolled cell growth is explained. The National Institute of Health website provides a set of short animations of the cell cycle and cancer growth. By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to explain the relationship between mutations, the cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth which may result in cancer. This Khan Academy video reviews the basic processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis. It then goes on to explain how the terms Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis: chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid, relate to each other. In this tutorial you will compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. You will also relate them to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. This tutorial will help students understand the differences between meiosis and mitosis. The processes differ in two fundamental ways. Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has one of each. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis, the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other. This tutorial will help you compare meiosis and mitosis. It discusses the similarities that are found in both, as well as the fundamental differences between the two types of cell division. This tutorial will help you to understand the differences and similarities between meiosis and mitosis. Learn how to identify explicit evidence and understand implicit meaning in a text… Complex Modes of Inheritance: Differentiate between polygenic and multiple alleles. Development of the Human Embryonic Brain: Dihybrid Cross Problem Set: DNA: DNA - The Double Helix Game: Predict genetic outcomes using a Punnett square with alleles that result in a codominant trait. Analyze observed outcomes of a sex linked trait using a Punnett square. Analyze observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritances including codominant, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles. This video presentation shows how the fetal brain grows during pregnancy, both in terms of its size and the number of neurons. In this problem set, multiple choice problems are displayed one at a time. If students answer correctly, they are shown a short explanation. If their answer is incorrect, a tutorial will follow, and the students will be given another chance to answer. This Khan Academy video describes the structure of the molecule DNA in great detail. It also discuses the role DNA plays in the process of protein synthesis, explaining transcription and translation. The video discusses the relationship between DNA and chromosomes as well. DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms DNA Extraction Virtual Lab: DNA Fingerprinting: DNA Polymerase: and some viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each other in a helix, and these stands are held in place by four chemicals called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases pair up with each other in a specific manner to form units called base pairs - adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a doublestranded DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA belongs to. In this interactive Biotechniques virtual lab, you will isolate DNA from a human test subject and learn the uses for DNA obtained through extraction. The "Try It Yourself" section below the virtual lab gives instruction and background information about how to extract DNA from living tissue using basic materials available in grocery stores. This tutorial will help you to visualize how DNA fingerprinting uses the pattern of DNA fragments caused by specific enzymes to identify individual organisms including humans, animals, plants or any other organism with DNA. In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is responsible for DNA Replication: the process of DNA replication, during which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules. DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides alongside a DNA strand, which they read and use as a template. The newlypolymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand. You began your life as a single cell and you now have trillions of cells. Even though a cell only uses a portion of its DNA, each cell contains the same set of DNA instructions. How is it possible that DNA can be copied so that every cell gets the same set of instructions? By the end of this tutorial you should be able to describe how DNA is copied and explain how this process allows cells to have identical genetic information. This tutorial will help you to understand how nucleotides are added to the leading and lagging strands of DNA during replication. DNA Replication: This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. DNA Replication: This tutorial will help learners understand the process of DNA replication, including the enzymes involved. Learners will be able to recognize that DNA Sequencing Using the Sanger Method: DNA Structure: DNA Three Letter Words: DNA to Genes to Proteins: DNA to Protein: DNA- Transcription and Translation: an exact copy of DNA must be created prior to cell division. DNA sequencing is a technique for determining the complete sequence of bases (As, Ts, Gs, and Cs) for a particular piece of DNA. Sequencing is relatively time consuming, as the process must be done to fairly short lengths of DNA at a time. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of DNA sequencing. This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of DNA and how this structure allows for accurate replication. You will see how the genetic code, using the DNA alphabet A,T,C, and G, produces codons to specify the 20 known amino acids. Each codon consists of a three letter code producing 64 possible words which specify the amino acids and stop signals. The focus of this tutorial is the first step of protein synthesis, transcription of DNA to RNA. Students are introduced to the concept of epigenetics as a mechanism to activate or inactivate gene expression. This website contains many interactive activities that can be used by students to gain an understanding of translation and transcription. This interactive tutorial explore the process of DNA replication. It provides practice opportunities to check your understanding of transcription and translation, the processes DNA: Animations: DNA: The Book of You: Embryonic Stem Cells: the occur to convert genetic information into vital proteins. This resource is part of a larger collection of information regarding the Human Genome Project and Genetic Engineering. Users may view information before and after the transcription and translation components highlighted here. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute makes available twenty-five short, narrated animations about DNA at this link. The animations are viewable as video clips and topics include, but are not limited to DNA structure, DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutations in DNA, polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and shotgun sequencing. Your body is made of cells -but how does a single cell know to become part of your nose, instead of your toes? The answer is in your body's instruction book: DNA. Joe Hanson compares DNA to a detailed manual for building a person out of cells -- with 46 chapters (chromosomes) and hundreds of thousands of pages covering every part of you. This Khan Academy video describes what happens to a zygote as it becomes an embyro. It further explains what a stem cell is and discusses why there are questions concerning the use of stem cells. Exploring Mutant Organisms: Gel electrophoresis Virtual Lab: Genes Come in Pairs: Genetically Modified Organisms: Interviews with expert scientists about the genome and mutant organisms Examples on model organisms used in genome research Animation explaining how mutations occur This virtual lab provides an excellent resource to show how biotechnology can be incorporated into an actual situation. The student will be walked through the gel electrophoresis process and then apply the results to solve a crime. This tutorial will help you to understand that genes play an important role in determining physical traits. These traits helps us to identify the homozygous or heterozygous variety of genes. When the pair of genes are homozygous, they are known as pure bred, i.e they have two copies of the same gene for each trait. For heterozygous variety, they have different gene for each trait. Out of this pair, one will be dominant and other will be recessive. How is technology changing the world around you? This video will really get you thinking. It explores the medical and ethical issues behind genetically modified organisms. The genetic makeup of organisms has been changing naturally over time. However, with the Genetics: advancements in technology, man has stepped in and can now genetically transform an organism. As impressive as that may be, it is important to consider the impact that the use of this biotechnology has on us as individuals, on our society, and on the environment around us. This tutorial explores the work of Gregor Mendel and his foundational genetics experiments with pea plants. It provides practice opportunities to check your understanding of inheritance patterns including single gene recessive traits and sex linked traits. The tutorial also covers more complex patterns of inheritance such those resulting from multiple alleles. Note: This resource is part of a larger collection of information regarding Genetics. Users may view information before and after the specific genetics components highlighted here. This video presentation will help you to understand how HIV Life Cycle: HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery. How do cancer cells grow? How does chemotherapy fight cancer (and cause negative side effects)? The answers lie How Do Cancer Cells Behave Differently From Healthy Ones?: in cell division. George Zaidan explains how rapid cell division is cancer’s "strength" -- and also its weakness. How Does Cancer Spread Through the Body?: This TED-ED original lesson explains the three common routes of metastasis. Cancer usually begins with one tumor in a specific area of the body. But if the tumor is not removed, cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs as well as places far away from the origin, like the brain. How does cancer move to these new areas and why are some organs more likely to get infected than others? Ivan Seah Yu Jun explains the three common routes of metastasis. How Intracellular Receptors Regulate Gene Transcription: Gene transcription is controlled by multiple factors. Some proteins bind to DNA sequences and start the process of gene transcription. RNA synthesis can only occur when these activators are bound to specific DNA sequences. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of gene transcription. How Meiosis Works: Human Chromosomes: This tutorial discusses the process of meiosis which results in the formation of sperm cells and egg cells. It is the process by which diploid cells become haploid gametes. This tutorial will allow the student to model the process of making a karyotype which is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell. Students will match each pair of chromosomes by their size, the size and location of chromosome bands, and location of the centromere. Learn how to: Impact of Biotechnology: Know Your Genes: Lab: Bacterial Transformation: define biotechnology identify examples of biotechnologies discriminate between varying biotechnologies and consider the benefits to the individual and society summarize the impact of biotechnologies on the individual, society and the environment This website is a good resource for reviewing the basics of the study of genetics. It conveniently lists and describes common genetic disorders, and describes procedure for setting up a medical family tree. This activity provides a historical background about research related to bacterial analysis Contains an animation that shows how enzymes work on cutting DNA strands Lab: DNA Extraction: Background on the discovery of the DNA double helix Contains an interactive activity for base pairing Contains an interactive activity for DNA extraction Lab: DNA Fingerprint: Alu: Lab: Mendelian Inheritance: Lab: Restriction Analysis: Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte: Meiosis: Background on tracking human ancestry using the alu marker Animation on polymerase chain reaction, PCR Interactive activity for performing PCR Provides a historical background about Gregor Mendel, the father of Genetics Lists the rules of inheritance Contains an interactive activity for making a pedigree An interactive exercise for using agarose gel electrophoresis for separating DNA molecules Explain how restriction endonucleases is used in restriction analysis of DNA This tutorial will help you to understand the function of the follicle. Each follicle is a single egg cell surrounded by several layers of follicle cells. An ovary consists of many follicles. The follicle cells protect and nourish the egg prior to its release into the oviducts during ovulation. This animation describes what occurs in a cell during the process of meiosis. Each phase of meiosis is defined and a visual accompanies the definition. Students can see the process of a diploid cell becoming a haploid cell. Meiosis: Meiosis 1: Meiosis II: Meiosis Tutorial: Meiosis vs. Mitosis : How cells divide.: Meiosis with Crossing Over: Meiosis: A Love Story: This tutorial will help students understand the process of meiosis. Each stage in the process of meiosis is explained and animated in this tutorial. This tutorial will help you to understand the unique features of the first round of meiosis. In meiosis 1, members of homologous chromosome pairs are separated. This results in the segregation of genes into two gametes. This tutorial will help you to understand how meiosis II is very similar to mitosis. In both cases, chromosomes line up and sister chromatids are separated by the action of the spindle fibers. This online tutorial is designed to help students understand the events that occur in process of meiosis. This is a computer animation side by side of meiosis and mitosis comparing the phases as they occur slowly. An important fundamental concept of genetics is the idea of independent assortment. This states that genes are inherited independently of one another. This tutorial will help you better understand crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis. By the end of this tutorial you should be able to describe the process by which sex cells, the Mitosis: Mitosis and DNA Replication: Mitosis Online Activity: Mutations, the Cell Cycle, and Cancer: Norn Genetics: sperm and the egg, are created in living things, and describe how sexual reproduction results in genetically diverse offspring. Mitosis is the process by which a cell duplicates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, in order to generate two, identical, daughter nuclei. This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of mitosis. The learners can also understand the terms with the glossary provided in the animation. This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail, describing the events that occur during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. The process of DNA replication is also explained. Mitosis internet exploration: Identifying the different stages of mitosis in plant and animal cells. Sometimes the cell cycle gets derailed a bit, which can lead to the development of tumors. Learn more about mutations! This is a simplified, interactive demonstration of genetic principles. Using a fictional species named the Norn, students can predict the outcome of genetic crosses (mono and di-hybrid, sexlinked, and multiple-allele). This could be used to strengthen the students understanding of genetics, practice Punnet squares, or practice calculation of genotypic/phenotypic ratios. However, it is unlikely to be useful as an independent assignment (if used as designed). A plant geneticist describes observable inheritance patterns Observable Inheritance Patterns: and genetic mutations in maize. This video discusses the Phases of Meiosis I: phases of Meiosis (Part 1 of 2). This video discusses the Phases of Meiosis II: phases of Meiosis (Part 2 of 2). This video discusses the Phases of Mitosis: phases of mitosis. This site has fantastic short Flash animations of intricate Photosynthesis animation and other cell processes in animation: cell processes, including photosynthesis and the electron transport chain. This tutorial introduces the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is a technique Polymerase Chain Reaction: used in molecular biology to make multiple copies of a gene even when only small amounts of DNA are available. This tutorial will help you to understand the procedure of amplifying a single copy of DNA into millions of copies. Polymerase chain reaction is a Polymerase Chain Reaction: molecular prototyping technique which helps in copying small segments of DNA into significant amounts required for molecular and genetic analyses. Check this out and learn about how prokaryotes and Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression: eukaryotes regulate gene expression. What's in a molecular Protein Factories: biologist's toolbox? Very small Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Your Personal Protein Factory: tools for working with cellular machines and molecules! Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and RNA. It is a two step process (1) Transcription and (2) Translation. This tutorial will help the learners understand these two steps of protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the making of proteins using the information that is found in DNA. This tutorial will help the learners understand the process of protein synthesis through a video animation. This tutorial is a full lesson on the process of protein synthesis. Transcription and translation are both explained in detail. This visual tutorial of the complex biochemical process helps the student to understand the process of protein synthesis. This manipulative gives the students detailed information starting with the basics of genetic codes called codons. Next, the lesson then leads the students towards detailed information of mRNA, tRNA and rRNAs. The final phase helps students by describing the complete process of protein synthesis from initiation, to elongation and then to termination. The tutorial offers check questions at every stage to ensure students are learning the important information. By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Proteins and Secretory Pathways: Punnet Square Fun: Regulating Genes: Reproduction Strategies: RNA Translation: Sex-Linked Traits: Sex-Linked Traits: A cell has made a protein; now what? Learn more about protein secretion! This Khan Academy video explains and demonstrates how to use Punnett Squares for monohybrid crosses and dihybrid crosses. The video also shows how to use Punnett Squares for inheritance patterns such as codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles. This tutorial uses animation and practice opportunities to explore how mutations in DNA can impact the expression of a gene. Get a close up view of the nucleus of a fertilized egg and observe how mutations in different locations of a DNA strand influence the traits that are expressed during development. Explore consequences and challenges of reproductive strategies of sea anemones. This tutorial will demonstrates the process of RNA translation through an interactive animation. This video describes the chromosomal basis for gender and sex-linked traits. This Khan Academy tutorial addresses the differences between the X and Y chromosomes in humans. The Some Genes are Dominant: Spermatogenesis: Stages of Meiosis: Stages of Meiosis: The Control of the Cell Cycle: The Process of DNA Replication: SRY gene found on the Y chromosome is discussed and the genes that cause colorblindness and hemophilia on the X chromosome are discussed. This tutorial will help you to understand how Mendel, the father of genetics, planned and crossed the pure-bred pea plant to understand the process of genetics. With the help of the animation, you should be able to understand how the alleles are transferred from one generation to another. Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. This tutorial will help the learners to understand the process of spermatogenesis. Meiosis is the process by which a diploid eukaryotic cell divides to generate four haploid cells. This process is important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction. This tutorial will help you understand the process of meiosis and its various stages. This animation details the process of meiosis and explains each of the stages. The Control of the Cell Cycle educational game is based on the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded for discoveries concerning the control of the cell cycle. DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. This tutorial will help you to understand the process of DNA replication and the factors involved in the replication process. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. The Universal Genetic Code: Transcribe and Translate a Gene: Transcription and Translation: Transcription and Translation: Translation: Translation: Making a protein from a messenger RNA: Learn how to better understand the composition of DNA, the purpose of the information in DNA, why the DNA sequence is considered a universal code, and what might happen if mistakes appear in the code. See how cells "read" the information in a DNA sequence to build a protein, then build one yourself! This Khan Academy video briefly describes DNA replication and then goes into a thorough explanation of both transcription and translation. How do you know what genes are thinking? By their expression. Learn more from a plant geneticist. A detailed depiction of translation, the second stage of protein synthesis. This is the third in a series of three animations on protein synthesis. The genes in DNA encode protein molecules. Expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein.Translation is the key process of making a protein from the genetic code expresses in the DNA. In translation, messenger RNA is read according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins. This virtual manipulative will allow the students to understand the process of translation. Students will also get a chance to observe, what happens when a new random mutation generates stop codons. This tutorial will help you to understand the basic principles of genetic inheritance which are segregation and independent assortment of two alleles. Unique Features of Meiosis: Unique Features of Meiosis: Virtual Lab: Punnett Squares: The principles of genetic inheritance are based on unique features of meiosis. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes and the separation of the homologous pairs during anaphase 1 cause the segregation of alleles. Crossing over and the random separation of chromosomes cause independent assortment. This tutorial will help you to understand the three unique features of meiosis and how meiosis is related to genetic inheritance. In this resource, students can watch a short video to better understand Punnett Squares, then practice their Viruses: Viticulture and Biotechnology: understanding with the virtual lab. In the virtual lab, scenarios are presented using flies where the student has to determine the genotypes of the parent flies based on the information given. Once the parent genotypes are entered correctly, the student then has to determine the genotype and phenotype combinations in the Punnett Square. This videos discusses how viruses work. A viticulture scientist explains grape expectations for medicine and society. Parent Resources Title Description Your understanding of agriscience will bloom and grow as this plant Agriculture: Mitosis and Meiosis: geneticist describes how they use mitosis and meiosis when developing new grape varieties. This plant geneticist wants to propagate knowledge about Agriculture: Plant Propagation via Asexual Reproduction: different kinds of plant propagation. Advances in "big data" are leading to rapid developments in Biochemistry and Medicine: personalized medicine. Learn more! Build a GeneNetwork: The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Students will explore the effects of mutation within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA. Cancer and the Cell Cycle: Comparing and Contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis: DNA - The Double Helix Game: Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the various genes and DNA control elements are mutated (added or removed). Predicts the effects on lactose metabolism when the concentration of lactose is changed. Explain the roles of Lacl, LacZ, and LacY in lactose regulation. The National Institute of Health website provides a set of short animations of the cell cycle and cancer growth. This step-by-animations explores the stages of two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis, and how these processes are compared and contrasted to one another and provides a printable version. DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms and some viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each other in a helix, and these stands are held in place by four chemicals called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases pair up with each other in a specific manner to form units called base pairs - adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a doublestranded DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA belongs to. DNA Polymerase: DNA Structure: Karyotyping : Mitosis and DNA Replication: Modeling Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance: Mutations, the Cell Cycle, and Cancer: Observable Inheritance Patterns: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression: In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a doublestranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules. DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides alongside a DNA strand, which they read and use as a template. The newlypolymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand. This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of DNA and how this structure allows for accurate replication. In this table-top karyotyping activity, students group chromosomes, identify abnormalities, and then research the resulting genetic disorder. This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail, describing the events that occur during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. The process of DNA replication is also explained. Don't lose your marbles over genetics concepts! Here's an idea to teach about non-Mendelian inheritance! Sometimes the cell cycle gets derailed a bit, which can lead to the development of tumors. Learn more about mutations! A plant geneticist describes observable inheritance patterns and genetic mutations in maize. Check this out and learn about how prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate gene expression. Protein Factories: Protein Synthesis: Proteins and Secretory Pathways: Tabletop Mitosis: The Control of the Cell Cycle: Transcription and Translation: Translation: Making a protein from a messenger RNA: What's in a molecular biologist's toolbox? Very small tools for working with cellular machines and molecules! This visual tutorial of the complex biochemical process helps the student to understand the process of protein synthesis. This manipulative gives the students detailed information starting with the basics of genetic codes called codons. Next, the lesson then leads the students towards detailed information of mRNA, tRNA and rRNAs. The final phase helps students by describing the complete process of protein synthesis from initiation, to elongation and then to termination. The tutorial offers check questions at every stage to ensure students are learning the important information. A cell has made a protein; now what? Learn more about protein secretion! Is that your tosis? No, it's mitosis! Listen to this teacher describe a fun, interactive simulation that will help students understand mitosis and the cell cycle. The Control of the Cell Cycle educational game is based on the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded for discoveries concerning the control of the cell cycle. How do you know what genes are thinking? By their expression. Learn more from a plant geneticist. The genes in DNA encode protein molecules. Expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein.Translation is the key process of making a protein from the genetic code expresses in the DNA. In translation, messenger RNA is read according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins. This virtual manipulative will allow the students to understand the process of translation. Students will also get a chance to observe, what happens when a new random mutation generates stop codons. Get out the popcorn; it's time for science. This teacher talks about Using Films to Connect Science Content to the Real World: three films she uses to make movie day a productive class day. A viticulture scientist explains Viticulture and Biotechnology: grape expectations for medicine and society.