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Chapter Objectives: Chapters 7 and 8Cell Structure and Membrane Function
1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function
2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power
3. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope,
transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
4. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful
technique
5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
6. Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size
7. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and explain how the
nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
9. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome
10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their
structures and functions, and summarize the relationships among them
11. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage
disease
12. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ
13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells
14. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of
compartmentalization in mitochondrial function
15. Distinguish among amyloplast, chromoplast, and chloroplast
16. dentify the 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast and explain the
importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function
17. Describe probable functions of the cytoskeleton
18. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function
20. Describe the development of plant cell walls
21. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracellular matrix in
animal cells
22. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal
cells and relate their structure to function
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23. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane
24. Explain how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions
about membrane structure and function
25. Describe the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed
to our current understanding of membrane structure
26. Describe the contributions J. D. Robertson, S. J. Singer, and G. L. Nicolson
made to clarify membrane structure
27. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how
membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition
28. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and
function
29. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how
they contribute to membrane function
30. Describe the diffusion process and explain why it is a spontaneous process
31. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport
32. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents
potential energy
33. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon
differences in solute concentration
34. Explain how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological
fluids
35. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance
36. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes
37. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion
38. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion
39. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or
electrochemical gradient
40. Explain ho potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients
can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances cross the
membrane
41. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane
42. Give an example of receptor=mediated endocytosis
43. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the
extracellular environment
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Chapter Terms:
Chapter 6
organelle
glycoprotein
centrosome
TEM
transport vesicles
centriole
SEM
Golgi apparatus
flagella
cell fractionation
phagocytosis
cilia
cytoplasm
food vacuole
basal body
prokaryotic cell
contractile vacuole
actin
nucleoid
central vacuole
myosin
cytoplasm
peroxisome
pseudopodia
cytosol
mitochondria
cytoplasmic streaming
plasma membrane
chloroplast
cell wall
nucleus
cristae
primary cell wall
nuclear lamina
mitochondrial matrix
middle lamella
chromatin
plastid
secondary cell wall
chromosome
thylakoid
extracellular matrix
nucleolus
granlakoids
collagen
ribosome
stroma
proteoglycan
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
cytoskeleton
fibronectin
smooth ER
microtubules
plasmodesmata
rough ER
microfilaments
tight junctions
integrin
desmosomes
gap junctions
Chapter 7
selective permeability
hypotonic
membrane potential
amphipathic
isotonic
electrochemical gradient
fluid mosaic model
osmosis
electrogenic pump
integral proteins
osmoregulation
proton pump
peripheral proteins
turgid
cotransport
transport proteins
plasmolysis
exocytosis
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
phagocytosis
concentration gradient
gated channels
pinocytosis
passive transport
active transport
hypertonic
Na-K pump
receptor-mediated
endocytosis
ligands
Chapter Outline Framework
A. How We Study Cells
1. Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
2. Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
B. A Panoramic View of the Cell
1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity
2. Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of eukaryotic cell
C. The Nucleus and Ribosomes
1. The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
2. Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
D. The Endomembrane System
1. The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many
other biosynthetic functions
a. Smooth ER functions
i.
Synthesis of lipids, Phospholipids, steroids
ii.
Carbohydrate metabolism
iii.
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
iv.
Storage of calcium ions for muscle contraction
b. Rough ER and protein synthesis
c. Rough ER and membrane production
2. The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
3. Lysosomes are digestive compartments
a. Lysosome function
i.
Intracellular digestion
ii.
Recycle cell's organic materials
iii.
Programmed cell destruction
b. Lysosomes and human storage diseases
4. Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintenance
E. Other Membranous Organelles
1. Peroxisomes consume oxygen in various metabolic functions
2. Mitochondria transform energy
3. Chloroplasts transform energy
F. The Cytoskeleton
1. Provides structural support for cell motility and regulation
2. Microtubules
a. Centrosomes and centrioles
b. Cilia and flagella
3. Microfilaments
a. Cell support
b. Muscle contraction
c. Localized cell contraction
4. Intermediate filaments
a. Tension bearing
b. Reinforce cell shape
c. Fix organelle positions
d. Compose nuclear lamina
G. Cell Surfaces and Junctions
1. Plant cells are encased by cell walls
2. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support,
adhesion, movement, and development
3. Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure
and function
H. Membrane Structure
1. Membrane models have evolved to fit new data
2. A membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
a. The fluid quality of membranes
b. Membranes as mosaics of structure and function
c. Membrane carbohydrates and cell-cell recognition
I. Traffic Across Membranes
1. A membrane's molecular organization results in selective permeability
a. Permeability of the lipid bilayer
i.
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules
ii.
Polar (hydrophilic) molecules
b. Transport proteins
2. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
3. Osmosis the passive transport of water
4. Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake and loss
a. Water balance of cells without walls
b. Water balance of cells with walls
5. Specific proteins facilitate the passive transport of selected solutes
6. Active transport is the pumping of solutes against their gradients
7. Some ion pumps generate voltage across membranes
8. In cotransport a membrane protein couples the transport of one solute to
another
9. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules