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Chapter Objectives: Chapters 7 and 8Cell Structure and Membrane Function 1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function 2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power 3. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) 4. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique 5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 6. Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size 7. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells 8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm 9. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome 10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions, and summarize the relationships among them 11. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage disease 12. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ 13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells 14. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function 15. Distinguish among amyloplast, chromoplast, and chloroplast 16. dentify the 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast and explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function 17. Describe probable functions of the cytoskeleton 18. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments 19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function 20. Describe the development of plant cell walls 21. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells 22. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and relate their structure to function ******************************** 23. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane 24. Explain how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions about membrane structure and function 25. Describe the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed to our current understanding of membrane structure 26. Describe the contributions J. D. Robertson, S. J. Singer, and G. L. Nicolson made to clarify membrane structure 27. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition 28. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and function 29. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how they contribute to membrane function 30. Describe the diffusion process and explain why it is a spontaneous process 31. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport 32. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy 33. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute concentration 34. Explain how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological fluids 35. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance 36. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes 37. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion 38. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion 39. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient 40. Explain ho potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances cross the membrane 41. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane 42. Give an example of receptor=mediated endocytosis 43. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the extracellular environment back to top Chapter Terms: Chapter 6 organelle glycoprotein centrosome TEM transport vesicles centriole SEM Golgi apparatus flagella cell fractionation phagocytosis cilia cytoplasm food vacuole basal body prokaryotic cell contractile vacuole actin nucleoid central vacuole myosin cytoplasm peroxisome pseudopodia cytosol mitochondria cytoplasmic streaming plasma membrane chloroplast cell wall nucleus cristae primary cell wall nuclear lamina mitochondrial matrix middle lamella chromatin plastid secondary cell wall chromosome thylakoid extracellular matrix nucleolus granlakoids collagen ribosome stroma proteoglycan endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cytoskeleton fibronectin smooth ER microtubules plasmodesmata rough ER microfilaments tight junctions integrin desmosomes gap junctions Chapter 7 selective permeability hypotonic membrane potential amphipathic isotonic electrochemical gradient fluid mosaic model osmosis electrogenic pump integral proteins osmoregulation proton pump peripheral proteins turgid cotransport transport proteins plasmolysis exocytosis diffusion facilitated diffusion phagocytosis concentration gradient gated channels pinocytosis passive transport active transport hypertonic Na-K pump receptor-mediated endocytosis ligands Chapter Outline Framework A. How We Study Cells 1. Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell 2. Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions B. A Panoramic View of the Cell 1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity 2. Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of eukaryotic cell C. The Nucleus and Ribosomes 1. The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library 2. Ribosomes build a cell's proteins D. The Endomembrane System 1. The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions a. Smooth ER functions i. Synthesis of lipids, Phospholipids, steroids ii. Carbohydrate metabolism iii. Detoxification of drugs and poisons iv. Storage of calcium ions for muscle contraction b. Rough ER and protein synthesis c. Rough ER and membrane production 2. The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products 3. Lysosomes are digestive compartments a. Lysosome function i. Intracellular digestion ii. Recycle cell's organic materials iii. Programmed cell destruction b. Lysosomes and human storage diseases 4. Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintenance E. Other Membranous Organelles 1. Peroxisomes consume oxygen in various metabolic functions 2. Mitochondria transform energy 3. Chloroplasts transform energy F. The Cytoskeleton 1. Provides structural support for cell motility and regulation 2. Microtubules a. Centrosomes and centrioles b. Cilia and flagella 3. Microfilaments a. Cell support b. Muscle contraction c. Localized cell contraction 4. Intermediate filaments a. Tension bearing b. Reinforce cell shape c. Fix organelle positions d. Compose nuclear lamina G. Cell Surfaces and Junctions 1. Plant cells are encased by cell walls 2. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and development 3. Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function H. Membrane Structure 1. Membrane models have evolved to fit new data 2. A membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates a. The fluid quality of membranes b. Membranes as mosaics of structure and function c. Membrane carbohydrates and cell-cell recognition I. Traffic Across Membranes 1. A membrane's molecular organization results in selective permeability a. Permeability of the lipid bilayer i. Nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules ii. Polar (hydrophilic) molecules b. Transport proteins 2. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane 3. Osmosis the passive transport of water 4. Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake and loss a. Water balance of cells without walls b. Water balance of cells with walls 5. Specific proteins facilitate the passive transport of selected solutes 6. Active transport is the pumping of solutes against their gradients 7. Some ion pumps generate voltage across membranes 8. In cotransport a membrane protein couples the transport of one solute to another 9. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules