Download THINK ABOUT THESE………………

THINK ABOUT THESE……………… GENETICS
GENETICS
1.
Which of Mendel’s Laws states that during gamete formation gene for different traits separate without
influencing each other’s inheritance? Law of Independent Assortment
2. If a plant has the genotype BbGG, how many different allele combinations could be found in the gametes? 2
3. What is the difference between incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic traits? Incomplete –
blending (red = white = pink), codom. Both equally expresses (roan), polygenic – many pehnotypes human
skin/eye color)
4. What is the difference between diploid and haploid? Are gametes diploid or haploid? Diploid (2n) cell with a
complete (two alleles)set of chromosomes/alleles, Haploid (n) cell with one set of chromosomes/one
allele for each trait - gametes
5.
How many different phenotypes are expected from this cross?
2
BBGg
BbGg
BG
Bg
bG
bg
BG
BBGG
BBGg
BbGG
BbGg
Bg
BBGg
BBgg
BbGg
Bbgg
BG
BBGG
BBGg
BbGg
BbGg
Bg
BBGg
BBgg
BbGg
Bbgg
6. The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family.
Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f).

Is individual 2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain. Must be heterozygous bc child
4 has attached –which is recessive so they needed one from each parent

How many children of individuals 4 and 5 have attached earlobes? 0

Can you be certain of the genotype of individual 5 in Figure 14–13? Explain. Most likely homozygous
dominant because if he were heterozygous we would expect half of the offspring to have attached

Predict the genotype and phenotype of individual 14. ff

Are any of the descendants of individuals 1 and 2 homozygous for free earlobes? NO- they all received
a recessive allele from mom
7. The farther apart two genes are on a chromosome, the LESS likely they are to be inherited together.
8. What is nondisjunction? Failure of chromosomes to separate properly
9. What is a point mutation? Mutation that occurs in one or a few nucleotides
10. Why are sex linked traits more common in males? Males only have one X chromosome
DNA/RNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
11. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? DNA (T, deoxyribose, double stranded ) RNA (ribose,
single stranded)
12. Why do we call DNA replication SEMI-CONSERVATIVE? Each new strand of DNA consists of ONE old
(original strand) and one NEW strand
13. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Phosphate, sugar, base
14. What enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to a growing strand? DNA Polymerase
15. Where does transcription and translation occur in a eukaryote? And what is made during each?
Transcription – nucleus makes RNA, translation – cytoplasm/ribosome - proteins
16. What is the sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms (CENTRAL DOGMA)? DNA RNA
PROTEIN
17. What is the three letter code on mRNA? tRNA? CODON/ANTICODON
18. What are the base pairing rules? A/T, C/G (in RNA T=U)
19. Can you use and read the GENETIC CODE…..
20. Genes contain instructions for make what??? PROTEINS
DNA TECHNOLOGY
21. What enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences? Restriction Enzymes
22. What determines how far a piece of DNA will move in a gel? Why are gels/DNA fingerprints useful? Size
and charge, smaller = farther faster
23. What is an attempt to sequence the DNA of every human gene? Human Genome Project
24. To create organisms with characteristics of two species, scientists use what technique? Hybridization
25. A cell taking in DNA from the outside is the definition of? Transformation
26. What is making changes in the DNA code of a living organism called? Genetic Engineering
27. What is recombinant DNA? DNA from two different sources
28. What are plasmids and why are they useful in rDNA? Small circular pieces of DNA that can be used to
transform bacteria
29. What technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms? Genetic Engineering
30. Answer the following about this diagram:
o
o
o
o
o
What is this process? Transformation
What stage shows bacterial reproduction? 67
When are restriction enzymes used? 2,4
Where do you see rDNA? 5
What are some uses of rDNA? Mass produce human insulin
EVOLUTION and CLASSIFICATION
31. Differentiate between vestigial organs, homologous structures, and analogous structures.
32. Similarity in larvae and embryological development suggests… common ancestor
33. Differentiate between single gene traits and polygenic traits. Single gene have 2 phenotypes and polygenic
have many genotypes therefore MANY PHENOTYPES (like skin color, eye color)
34. Genetic drift tends to occur in ____?____ population. SMALL
35. What are the 3 types of selection? Can you recognize them? STABILIZING, DIRECTIONAL, DISRUPTIVE
36. Flowers and pollinating insects are examples of?COEVOLUTION
37. Why did the 3 domain system arise? BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA WERE LESS SIMILAR THAN SCIENTISTS
THOUGHT
38. What is the two word naming system? BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
39. What are the rules of binomial nomenclature? Homo sapiens OR Homo sapiens
40. What is the order of taxa in the Linnaean system? K P C O FGS
MICROBES
41. What can some bacteria form to help them survive unfavorable conditions? ENODSPORES
42. During what process can bacteria and some protists exchange some genetic information? CONJUGATION
43. Bacteria and fungus are _____________; they break down dead/decaying organisms. DECOMPOSERS
44. Most protists are UNICELLULAR and animal like protists are classified according to how they MOVE
(PSEUDOPODS, FLAGELLA, CILIA)?
45. Why are phytoplankton found at the surface of the ocean? SO THEY CAN PHOTOSYNTHESIZE
46. Why do some protists live inside termites? What type of relationship do they have? PRODUCE AN ENZYME
TO BREAK DOWN CELLULOSE, SYMBIOTIC
47. Differentiate between hyphae and mycelium. HYPAHE – THREADLIKE FILAMENTS MAKING UP THE BODY
OF A FUNGUS, MYCELIUM IS A TANGLES MASS OF HYPHAE
48. What are lichens and why are they important? SYMBIOTIC RELATION SHIP BETWEEN FUNGUS AND
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTNER, PIONEER SPECIES – FIRST SPECIES TO ENTER BARREN LAND
49. During which reproductive cycle of a virus is the host cell destroyed when it bursts? LYTIC
50. What is a prophage? VIRAL DNA INCORPORATED INTO HOST CELL GENOME… LYSOGENIC CYCLE
PLANTS
51. Living on land required that plants?
52. Because bryophytes lack _____________ tissue, they must grow close to the ground
53. What are the two types of vascular tissue?
54. What moves the products of photosynthesis from source to sink?
55. Where does the embryo develop in flowering plants?
56. Where are pollen grains made and stored?
57. What are the female parts of the flower?
58. What are the male parts of the flower?
59. What is a seed?
60. What do we call it when a seed begins to grow?
61. What are the 3 organs of a plants and the main job of each?
62. What are areas of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation?
63. How do gases (oxygen/carbon dioxide) move in/out of a leaf?
64. When are these structures generally open?
65. What are plant responses to stimuli?
66.COMPLETE THE CHART
Monocots
Leaves
Flowers
Vascular Bundles in
Stems
Roots
Seed Leaves
EXAMPLES
67. The arrows represent the movement of ____?____
68. What type of vascular tissue transports water?
69. In part B what process is helping to bring water to the top of the plant?
70. In part C what process is helping to bring water to the top of the plant?
Don’t forget to STUDY ANIMALS!!!!!!!!!!
Dicots