Download ACADEMIC BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW GUIDE

BIO I FINAL REVIEW GUIDE 12-13
Remember that simply looking over and answering these questions does not equal preparing for your final
exam. This guide gives you an idea of where you should focus your studying. It is not the only thing you should
do to prepare for your exam.
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS
1. What was Mendel’s contribution to genetics?
2. Define: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype
3. What is a punnett square used for. What is represented outside the box on each side? What is represented
inside each box?
4. Explain the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
5. For both types of crosses, you need to be able to create the parent’s genotypes from a sentence, do the
square, and give genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
6. Define incomplete dominance. What is special about the heterozygote? What type of letters will you use?
7. Define codominance. What is special about the heterozygote? What type of letters will you use?
8. Human blood groups follow a pattern of ___________. List the four blood phenotypes and the 6 blood
genotypes.
9. You will need to be able to solve punnett squares for other patterns of heredity problems (incomplete and
codominance)
GENETICS—OTHER TYPES OF INHERITANCE
10. What are sex-linked traits?
11. Who shows more sex linked traits?
12. What is a carrier? Can a male be a carrier?
13. Be able to solve sex-linked punnett squares and give genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring.
14. Name two sex linked traits
15. What can be learned by looking at a karyotype? (two things)
DNA, RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
16. What is the shape of DNA?
17. Who discovered the shape of DNA?
18. What three parts make up a nucleotide?
19. List the four nitrogen bases in DNA
20. Why is mRNA necessary?
21. How are mRNA and DNA similar structurally? Different?
22. What is each set of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA called?
23. Which nitrogen base is never found in RNA?
24. What is the process called where RNA is made from DNA’s instructions?
25. Where does translation occur?
26. Where does transcription occur?
27. What is made by replication?
28. What is made by transcription?
29. What is made by translation?
30. What is a mutation?
31. A mutation could be lethal, _________________, ____________________, or _________________.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
32. Define genetic engineering and recombinant DNA.
33. What are the purposes of a DNA fingerprint?
34. What is a restriction enzyme? How does it work?
35. What is a stem cell? Why are they so important?
36. List the different types of cloning.
37. Name several uses for cloning.
38. What is biotechnology?
PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION
39. What did Lamarck get wrong about how evolution occurs?
40. Where did Darwin conduct his research?
41. What is the “driving” force behind evolution?
42. List the 4 factors that contribute to natural selection
43. What evidence is available that supports evolution
44. What is an adaptation?
45. Why did Darwin’s finches have different beaks?
46. Name several different fossils
47. Define homologous structures. Give examples.
48. Define vestigial structures. Give examples
49. Explain the difference between convergent and divergent evolution. Give example animals for each type.
50. Define gene pool
51. Define gene flow
52. What is genetic drift? What size population is most at risk?
53. List the 5 assumptions that must be met for a population that is evolving (Hardy Weinberg is NOT “in
effect”)
54. Explain the difference between stabilizing selection, disruptive selection and directional selection.
ECOLOGY
55. List & define the levels of organization in ecology
56. Explain the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. Be able to pick them out of a list.
57. Define producer, autotroph, consumer, heterotroph
58. Define herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer
59. Compare a food chain with a food web.
60. If given a food web be able to pick out the producers, autotrophs, consumers, heterotrophs
61. What is the difference between a primary consumer and a secondary consumer
62. Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels.
63. Explain the difference between a conformer and a regulator
64. List the ways organisms can interact with each other
65. Define parasitism
66. Define mutualism
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
67. Define taxonomy
68. Why do scientists avoid common names?
69. What is Linnaeus contribution to science?
70. What are the rules for writing scientific names?
71. List the eight taxa of classification from general to specific
72. Which level has members that are most closely related?
73. Do members in the same class have to belong to the same order?
74. Do members in the same order have to belong to the same class?
75. You will have to create a dichotomous key.