Download THE CELL - Humble ISD

Name _______________________________________________________________________ Test Date________________
UNIT 2 - CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
I. DISCOVERY OF CELLS (pgs. 169 – 172)
A. History of Microscopes
The invention and development of the microscope in the 1600’s enabled scientists to discover and study cells –
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
1. Anton von Leeuwenhoek – was the first to try stacking ____________________ together to view tiny objects.
He looked at _________________through his lenses and became known as the first scientist to ________________
living cells as seen through a microscope.
2. Robert Hooke - In 1665, he used a ____________________ to examine thin slices of cork and then described what
he saw and called them __________________. He chose the name “cells” because the chambers he reminded him
of _____________________________________________.
B. Cell Theory
Nearly a century later, several other scientist’s discoveries led to the formation of the ______________________.
1. Matthias Schleiden (botanist) & Theodor Schwann (zoologist) – Together they reached the conclusion that
_________________________________ were composed of ______________.
2. Rudolf Virchow – Elaborated on Schleiden & Schwann’s proposal & added “omnia cellula e cellula” . . .
____________________________________________
These discoveries, confirmed by other biologists, are summarized in the cell theory, a fundamental concept in
Biology......
The cell theory states that:
 All organisms are ____________________________________________
 Cells are the smallest working units of life.
 All cells come from ______________________________________________
C. Types of Cells
All ____________________ are composed of one of two types of cells:
 Prokaryotic – “____________________________”
 Eukaryotic – “_____________________________”
D. Microscopes - There are several types of modern microscopes:
1. Compound light microscope – More than one _________________________________ uses light bent through
lenses to magnify objects.
2. Electron Microscope – Uses _____________________________ . This enhances the resolution and magnification
to allow researchers to study _______________________________. There are two types of electron microscopes:
a. Transmission Electron Microscope or __________________________- electrons are transmitted
____________________the specimen; used to study ___________________________ cell structures.
b. Scanning Electron Microscope or ______________ - uses electrons to trace the ____________ of the
specimen; provides _________ of field or 3-D view.
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
The proper technique for carrying a microscope is to support ________ and the ____________ When viewing slides, the
__________ illuminates the field. To examine a slide, ________________________ and hold the slide in place by
_______________________ Rotate the ________________ if necessary to lock the ____________________________ in
place. The low power objective is ________________________________ and screening. Look through the
_________________ which _____________________________ and focus the image using the ________________________
After focusing with the _______________________________ fine tune the image using the
_____________________________ The ________________ may be used to
__________________________________________ the field of vision. If higher magnification is needed to examine the
specimen more closely, ____________________________________ _ to the ______________________________________
When using the high power objective, ONLY the _______________________________________ should be used for
focusing!!!! If you do not see a clear image, you must _______________ to __________________________________ and
focus again using the ___________________________________________
II. TYPES OF CELLS (pgs. 172 – 173)
PROKARYOTIC
________________________; Divided into two kingdoms,
____________________ and
____________________________
______ true nucleus; Lack nuclear envelope and other
____________-bound _______________
Genetic material present in________________ region
______ membrane-bound organelles
EUKARYOTIC
All organisms other than ___________________; Found in
kingdoms ______________, ____________,
________________, and _________________
___________ nucleus surrounded membrane known as
nuclear envelope
Genetic material contained within_______________
______________ membrane-bound organelles
A. Prokaryotic Cells – All ______________________
1. Eubacteria – “ ____________” bacteria
2. Archaebacteria – “__________________” bacteria; Live in ________________ environments (salty, hot, acidic)
B. Eukaryotic Cells – Found in unicellular and _______________________ organisms
1. Protista – ex. Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium
2. Fungi - ex. Penicillium, yeasts, molds, mushrooms.
3. Plants – ex. Mosses, ferns, flowering plants.
4. Animals – ex. Sponges, worms, snails, insects, mammals.
III. CELL BOUNDARIES (pgs. 182 – 183)
A. Cell Wall
Cell Walls are the outermost boundary in _____________, ____________ and _________. They are never present in
_________________. The primary function of the cell wall is to _________________________________________.
 Plants have cell walls made of ___________________
 Fungi have cell walls made of ______________.
 Eubacteria have cell walls made of _______________.
 The cell walls of _____________________ are composed of other ____________________________.
B. Cell Membrane - Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane.
1. Function of Cell Membrane
To maintain ________________ in the cell by separating and protecting the cell from its environment. It also
regulates exchange with the environment. The cell membrane is also called the _______________________ It
is ______________________________ which means that it allows some substances to pass through; acts a barrier
to others.
2. Composition of Cell Membrane
Composed of three types of biomolecules:
 Lipids – There are two lipids that make up the cell membrane: ____________________ and
_________________
 Phospholipid Bilayer – Phospholipids are composed of a _______________ glycerol backbone
with two fatty acid tails and a ________ phosphate head.
 Cholesterol - Found in the cell membranes of ________________ to help stabilize them.
Wedged between the ___________________________________ of the phospholipid bilayer.
 Carbohydrates - Serve as “ID tags” to ____________________. There are two types:
 Glycolipids – Carbohydrate chain attached to ______________
 Glycoproteins – Carbohydrate chain attached to _____________
 Proteins - Embedded in the phospholipids bilayer. Serve as ________________ and ___________for
transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane.
A -B–
C–
D–
E --
IV. INSIDE A EUKARYOTIC CELL (pgs. 174 – 181)
Within the cell membrane, the cell is composed of the nucleus with its corresponding structures, the _________________
and __________________________________. The cytoplasm includes all the rest of the material inside the cell
membrane. The cytoplasm includes two components:
Cytosol – _______________________; semi-gelatinous substance that contains dissolved nutrients and wastes
Organelles – “____________________________”; cell structures; each has a specific role in the overall cell function
V. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES
Illustration
Structure
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear
Envelope
Ribosomes
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Type of Cell
Characteristics & Function
________________ of the cell. Contains most of cell’s DNA;
stored as ________________ (____________ wrapped in
______________)
Small, dense region in the nucleus. Involved in the synthesis of
_______________ which are required for _______________
synthesis.
Double membrane, each consisting of a ___________________
_____________. Perforated by nuclear ___________ which
allow _____________ to leave the nucleus
Tiny, non-membrane bound organelles located on
______________________________ (bound) or suspended in
______________________ (free). Free ribosomes help
manufacture ______________ that will stay in the cell; bound
ribosomes help make proteins that will transported out of cell
Extensive network continuous with _________________. Called
“rough” due to presence of ________________ all along the
membrane. Function of the rough ER is to ________________
and transport _______________. Most of these proteins are
packaged into _________________ (bubbles or sacs made from
membrane) and shuttled to the _________________________
Similar to rough ER in structure, except that it lacks
_________________. Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of
_____________, metabolizes ______________, detoxifies
_____________ and _______________. Also stores
______________needed for muscle contractions.
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Found in _____________ cells only?? Membrane-bound sacs
containing _______________ _____________ that break down
____________________ and _______________ used cell
components. Also used as defense against _________________
and ___________________
Sacs that may be used as _______________ for water, ions,
wastes. Plants have a large central vacuole.
Double-membrane organelle with inner folds called
_____________. Uses ___________________ to manufacture
energy in the form of ___________. Mitochondria have their own
__________.
Chloroplast
Found in ______________ cells. Contain green pigment called
________________ and their own ___________. Chloroplasts
harvest energy from the _________ to produce _________
through ________________.
Centrioles
Found only in _______________ cells. Bundles of
_________________ that play a role in
____________________.
Cytoskeleton
VI. THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
Flattened, round sacs that look like a sack of
________________. Receives, modifies, and ships products by
way of _______________ into the ________________________
Network of _____________ fibers known as
__________________ and __________________. Anchor
_______________ and provide ______________. Also provide
motility for some cells in the form of ___________ or
____________. More extensive cytoskeleton found in
________________ cells.
VII. THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
Structure
__________
Picture
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic,
or Both?
General Characteristics and Functions
Control center of the cell. Contains genes that control cell activities. Contains
most of the cell's DNA, which is stored as chromatin (DNA wrapped in protein).
Nucleolus
Small, dense region in the nucleus. Involved in the synthesis of____________
which are important in protein synthesis. "Little nucleus"
Nuclear
Envelope
Double membrane, each consisting of a___________________ bilayer.
Perforated by nuclear _________ which allow______ molecules to leave the
nucleus.
Ribosomes
_________
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
___________
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
________
Apparatus
___________
Vacuole
Constructed in the_______________, these tiny, non-membrane bound
organelles are located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These organelles
function in ______________________________, and can be either free
(suspended in the cytosol), or bound (attached to rough ER). Free ribosomes aid
in the production of proteins that will ________________, and bound ribosomes
aid in the production of proteins that will be _________________out of the cell.
Extensive network continuous with the _______________. Appear "rough" due
to the presence of _____________ all along the membrane. Function of the
rough ER is to ______________________________. Most of these proteins are
packaged into _______________________(pieces of the membrane that act as a
protective sac) and shuttled to the ______________________________.
Similar to rough ER in structure, except that it ____________ribosomes. Smooth
ER functions in the synthesis of ___________________ (steroids), breaks down
___________________, and _______________, and poisons. Smooth ER (esp. in
muscle and liver cells) also stores ___ ions that are used for_______ contraction.
Flattened, round sacs with the appearance of pita bread. Golgi is sometimes
called the "UPS man" because it functions in _________________________, and
re-routing the products of the ER. Golgi is packed with _________________ that
aid in modifying the products before they are shipped out by way of
a____________________________into the cytosol.
Membrane bound bag of __________________________ that help to digest
macromolecules, as well as recycle used cell components. Lysosomes are made
from parts of the ER (enzymes) and Golgi apparatus (phospholipid membrane).
Also used as a defense against _____________________ and _______________.
Sacs that may be used as storage for ___________________________________
or wastes. Plants have a very large _________________ vacuole for maximum
water storage.