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The Human Genome Project CH 13 Sec 3 Human Genome Project (HGB) •International project •Began in 1990, completed in ________ •Objective: ________________________________________________________ –DNA sequencing •Many other genomes have now been sequenced Sequencing the genome •The 46 chromosomes were cleaved •Several restriction enzymes used –Fragments with __________________________________ •Recombinant DNA created, cloned, and sequenced with machines –Generated ______________________________________ •Decoding revealed only 2% code for proteins –_______________________________________________ –Repeating sequences DNA fingerprinting •Uses restriction enzymes to create fragments –unique to each individual –gel electrophoresis separates fragments –Observe band patterns •______________________________________ •Coding sequences almost identical Identifying Genes •________________________________________________________________ –Many still unknown •Use recombinant DNA and computers to understand genes •Sequence scanned for ORFs –_________________________________ –Contain about 100 codons •Contain start & stop codons –Tested to for ___________________________ Bioinformatics •Emerging field of study •Involves ________________________________________________________ •Locate genes •Discover structure and function of proteins •Compare similar proteins from different organisms –Group protein sequences into families DNA Microarrays •_____________________________________________________________ –Organism or specific cell type –Make comparisons •_____________________________________________________________ –Spotted with DNA fragments •Store large amount of information Steps in DNA Microarray •Use ________ from 2 different cells •Convert to complimentary _________________ •Label DNA with _________________________ –Ex: Green = normal, red = cancer •Place in microarray slide –incubate •Examine colors for gene expression –Yellow = same in both cells –red =higher in cancer cells –green = higher in normal cells Black = no expression Genetics Disorders in the genome •_______ of nucleotides are the same in all people •Variation that occurs in a genome sequence when a single nucleotide is altered are called _______________________________________________ –Must occur in at 1% of population •SNP maps may help identify genes of genetic disorders The HapMap Project •_____________________________________________________________ •_______________ are regions of linked variations –Finding groups of SNPs in specific regions of DNA •Used to find genes that cause disorders or affect response to drugs Pharmocogenomics •______________________________________________________________ –Provide accurate dosing •safer –Reduce side effects •Imagine custom made medicine! –Based on _______________________________ Gene Therapy •Hopes to correct mutated genes •Attempts to _______________________________________________________ •Use ___________ and ________________________ to insert gene into target cell •Clinical trials began in 1990s •FDA stopped trials in 2003 due to a death of a patient –Reaction to virus The genomic era •Genomics- the study of _____________________________________ •Proteomics- the study of the __________________________________________ –Looks at hundreds of proteins at once –Hope to create new drug therapies