Download CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins

CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins--Answers
1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. What are the complementary base pairs in DNA? RNA? Write the 1 letter symbol & spell them
out. Which 2 are purines? Pyrimidines?
DNA: Adenine (A)-Thymine (T) and Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)
RNA: Adenine (A)-Uracil (U) and Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)
Purines: A, G
Pyrimidines: C, T/U
3. Use a chart to compare and contrast RNA and DNA in terms of structure, sugars, and bases.
DNA
RNA
Strands
2
1
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
4. List the three types of RNA and explain the function of each.
mRNA: carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (to the ribosome)
rRNA: forms the ribosome
tRNA: carries amino acids to the ribosome so that proteins can be made
5. Who discovered the structure of DNA? Watson & Crick
6. IF a sequence of codons on a DNA strand is AAC TAG GGT, what is the corresponding sequence
in a strand of mRNA? What tRNA sequence would pair up to this mRNA?
mRNA: UUG AUC CCA
tRNA: AAC UAG GGU
7. What is DNA replication? the process by which a DNA molecule is copied
8. What are the 3 enzymes used in replication and what do each do?
DNA Helicase: It unzips/unwinds DNA
DNA Polymerase: Adds nucleotides to each unwound strand
DNA Ligase: Glues the nucleotides of the new strand together
9. What are the parts of a nucleotide? Sugar, nitrogenous base, & a phosphate group
10. What process forms messenger RNA? What process forms proteins? transcription; translation
11. Label each part of the figure.
Ianticodon
IImRNA
IIIProtein
IVtRNA
Vamino acid
12. What process is illustrated in the figure?
translation
13. A DNA segment is changed from- AATTAG- toAAATAG. What kind of mutation is this?
Point mutation (or substitution)
14. What four things can cause a mutation?
o Mistakes in DNA replication
o radiation
o chemicals
o high temperatures
15. Where does translation and transcription take place in the cell?
Translation-cytoplasm (on the ribosome); transcription-nucleus
16. What is the start codon? What amino acid does it code for? AUG; methionine
17. Which type of RNA is the anticodon? Which type is the codon? tRNA; mRNA
18. What do hydrogen bonds bind together? Covalent bonds? Peptide bonds? Bases; Nucleotides;
Amino acids
19. What are the two types of frame-shift mutations? Insertion and Deletion
20. When does replication occur? S phase of Interphase
21. What is a codon? Anti-codon? Group of three bases on mRNA. The three bases on tRNA that
match with the codon.
22. Where does translation occur? On the Ribosome
23. Amino acids are bound together by what? What does this make? Peptide Bonds; a protein!
24. Know what mis-sense, nonsense, and silent mutations are.
Mis-sense— changes the codon to code for a different amino acid
Ex. GCU (Alanine)  GUU (Valine)
Nonsense—changes the codon to a stop codon
Ex. UGG (Tryptophan) UGA (Stop)
Silent—changes the codon to a codon that codes for the same amino acid (no overall change)
Ex. CGU (Arginine) CGG (Arginine)