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Review Topics for Final (3rd) Exam General Biology I 2012 Fall Mitosis • Relate cell division to the reproduction of unicellular organisms and the growth and repair of multicellular organisms. • Name two general functions of cell division. • Describe a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome. • State the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle, and describe what happens during each stage. • Describe how the cell cycle is believed to be controlled, and relate this mechanism to the development of cancer. • Draw a series of diagrams illustrating the phases of mitosis in animal cells, and tell what happens during each phase; describe cytokinesis in animal cells. • State differences between plant & animal cell mitosis; describe cytokinesis in plant cells. • Describe the prokaryotic chromosome and the process of binary fission. Meiosis • State the general role of meiosis in plant, animal, and fungal life cycles. • Describe & state the significance of homologous chromosomes. • Give an overview of the process of meiosis and its stages, emphasizing the main events. • Describe synapsis (bivalent formation), and tell how crossing-over occurs. • Describe the phases of meiosis I in detail. • Describe the phases of meiosis II in detail. • Describe the human life cycle, and compare the process of meiosis to that of mitosis. • Compare the process of spermatogenesis to that of oogenesis. Mendelian Genetics • Mendel’s Experimental Tool – Pea Plant Characteristics • Mendel’s Principle of Segregation: Monohybrid Crosses • Punnett Square Analysis • Concepts of Homozygous Dominance; Homozygous Recessive; Heterozygosity; Alleles • Pedigree Charts for Human Traits: Dominant Pedigree: Juvenile Glaucoma; Recessive Pedigree: Albinism • Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment: Dihybrid Crosses • Probability: Predicting Results of Crosses (Rule of Addition and Rule of Multiplication) • Testcross: Revealing Unknown Genotypes • Extensions of Mendelian Genetics: • Polygenic Inheritance (Human Height) More than one gene affects a single trait • Pleiotropy: A single gene can affect more than one trait • Incomplete Dominance: Example Four O’clock Flowers • Codominance: Example Human ABO Blood Group System; Concept of Multiple Alleles • Genes May Be Affected By Environment: Effect of Temperature on Siamese Cat Coat • Epistasis: Corn Color Modern Genetics • Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: • Morgan’s Tool: Gene for Drosophila Eye Color and the concept of Sex Chromosomes • Human Sex Determination: Concept of X and Y Chromosomes • Sex-linked Human Genetic Disorder: Hemophilia – The Royal Family Hemophilia Pedigree • Barr Body – concept of X-Chromosome Inactivation and Dosage Compensation • Nondisjunction of autosomes (example Down Syndrome) and Sex Chromosomes • In utero detection methods for genetic defects: Amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling • Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Concept of Maternal Inheritance – Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes • DNA as Genetic Material: • Griffith’s Tool: Streptococcus pneumonia and Transformation • Avery, MacLeod, McCarty: DNA as Transforming Principle • Hershey & Chase: Phage Genetic Material is DNA DNA • DNA structure – phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base o Complementation, hydrogen bonds, phosphodiester bonds, purines/pyrimidines o • DNA replication – semi-conservative o DNA polymerase, helicase, topoisomerase, primase, primer, Okazaki fragments, single strand binding proteins, leading strand, lagging strand, DNA ligase. Transcription & Translation • Garrod: inherited disorders involve enzymes (Alkaptoneuria) • One Gene-One Polypetide Theory • Central Dogma • Genetic Code: Reading Frame, Degeneracy • Overview of Transcription: • Template/Coding DNA strands • Types of RNA • Process of transcription: RNA Polymerase; Initiation, Elongation, Termination (basic overview only) • Overview of Translation: • tRNA structure: Acceptor end/anticodon loop • Ribosomes: P, A and E sites • Process of translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination (basic overview only) Gene Expression • Operons - Lac Operon, Trp Operon • Differential gene expression • Regulation of chromatin structure – acetylation, methylation • Ras & p53 – role in cancer Biotechnology: • Molecular Cloning: • Enzymes: Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Ligase • Plasmid Vectors: MCS, Ori, Selection • Transformation: Introducing DNA into E.coli • Application: Human Insulin can be mass produced in E.coli • Genetic Engineering: Knockout and Transgenic Mice (Concept Only) Use examples of Leptin KO and GH transgene • Applications: • Human Insulin can be mass produced in E. coli • GM crops: Insect resistant crops (Bt crops) and Golden Rice as examples