Download A.P. Bio Chapter 4 Organization of the Cell review sheet

A.P. Biology Chapter 4 – Organization of the Cell
Chapters 2 and 3 introduced you to the inorganic and organic materials that are critical to an understanding
of the cell, the basic unit of life. In this chapter and those that follow, you will see how cells utilize these
chemical materials. Because all cells come from preexisting cells, they have similar needs and therefore
share many fundamental features. Most cells are microscopically small because of limitations on the
movement of materials across the plasma membrane. Cells are studied by a combination of methods,
including microscopy and cell fractionation. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are complex,
containing a variety of membranous organelles. Although each organelle has its own particular structure
and function, all of the organelles of a cell work together in an integrated fashion. The cytoskeleton
provides mechanical support to the cell and functions in cell movement, the transport of materials within
cells, and cell division. Most cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix that is secreted by the cells
themselves.
INTRODUCTION
1. ________________ are the building blocks of complex multicellular organisms.
THE CELL THEORY
2. The two components of the cell theory are __________________________ and
_______________________________
CELL ORGANIZATION AND SIZE
The organization of all cells is basically similar
3. All cells are enclosed by a ________________________
4.
The internal structure of cells that carry on life’s activities are called _____________________
Cell size is limited
5. In general, the smaller the cell, the larger the _______________________
6.
A micrometer is 1/1,000,000 of a meter and therefore _________________ of a millimeter
Cell size and shape are related to function
7. The _____________________________ of cells are related to the functions they perform
METHODS FOR STUDYING CELLS
Light microscopes are used to study stained or living cells
8. (a) _____________________ is the ratio of microscopic size to actual size of an object, and
(b) _____________ is the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image.
Electron microscopes provide a high-resolution image that can be greatly magnified
9. Powerful electron microscopes are used to study the ____________________ of cells
Biologists use biochemical techniques to study cell components
10. Cell components are separated by a method known as __________________________
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
11. _______________________ cells are relatively lacking in complexity, and their genetic material
is not enclosed by membranes.
12. ______________________ cells are relatively complex and possess both membrane-bound
organelles and a “true” nucleus.
13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained in the ____________________
CELL MEMBRANES
14. Membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into ________________________
15. The internal membrane system in the eukaryotic cell is known as the _________________
THE CELL NUCLEUS
16. The __________________________ consists of two concentric membranes that separate the
nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm
17. DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex known as _____________________
ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM
Ribosomes manufacture proteins
18. Ribosomes are tiny particles found free in the cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes; they
consist of (a) __________________ and are synthesized by the (b) _________________________
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal membranes
19. The ____________________________ is a complex of intracytoplasmic membranes that
compartmentalize the cytoplasm
20. Rough (RER) is studded with ___________________ that are involved in protein synthesis
21. Some proteins constructed on RER are transported by __________________ for secretion to the
outside or insertion in other membranes.
The Golgi complex processes, sorts, and modifies proteins
22. In some cells the Golgi consists of flattened membranous sacs called _____________________
Lysosomes are compartments for digestion
23. Lysosomes are small sacs containing ________________________ that can break down (lyse)
complex molecules, foreign substances, and “dead” organelles
24. Primary lysosomes are formed by budding from the __________________
Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs with a variety of functions
25. The membrane of a vacuole is called the _______________________
Peroxisomes metabolize small organic compounds
26. Peroxisomes get their name from the fact that they produce _____________________ during
oxidation reactions.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-converting organelles
27. The chemical reactions that convert food energy to ATP (cellular respiration) take place in
organelles called ____________________
Mitochondria make ATP through cellular respiration
28. Mitochondria negatively affect health and aging through the release of ____________________
Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis
29. ________________________ are organelles that contain green pigments that trap light energy for
photosynthesis.
30. ______________________ membranes contain chlorophyll that traps sunlight energy and
converts it to chemical energy in ATP
31. The matrix within chloroplasts, where carbohydrates are synthesized, is called the
(a) ___________________, while the ATP that supplies energy to drive the process is synthesized
on membranes called (b) _____________________
THE CYTOSKELETON
32. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that are responsible for the ________________
of cells
33. ___________________ and __________________ are both made up of globular protein subunits
that can rapidly assemble and disassemble.
Microtubules are hollow cylinders
34. _______________________ may play a role in some types of microtubule formation
35. Microtubules consist of the two proteins ________________ and ________________
Microfilaments consist of intertwined strings of actin
36. In muscle cells actin is associated with the protein ________________ to form fibers associated
with muscle contraction.
Intermediate filaments help stabilize cell shape
37. Keratin and neurofilaments are examples of tough, flexible fibers called _________________ that
stabilize cell shape
CELL COVERINGS
38. In most eukaryotic cells polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids form a
_________________, or cell coat, that is part of the plasma membrane.
39. Plant cell walls are composed primarily of ____________________ and smaller quantities of
other polysaccharides
Building words – Use combinations of prefixes and suffixes to build words for the definitions that follow.
Prefix
ChloroChromoCytoEuLeukoLysoMicroMyoPro-
The Meaning
green
color
cell
good, well, “true”
white (without color)
loosening, decomposition
small
muscle
“before”
Prefix
___________
___________
Suffix
-phyll
____________
___________
___________
Glyoxy-
-plasm
-skeleton
____________
___________
____________
___________
____________
Suffixes
-karyo(te)
-plast(id)
-some
The Meaning
nucleus
formed, molded, “body”
body
Definition
1. A green pigment that traps light for photosynthesis
2. Organelles containing pigments that give fruits and flowers their
characteristic colors
3. Cell contents exclusive of the nucleus
4. A complex network of protein filaments within the cell.
5. A microbody containing enzymes used to convert stored fats in
plant seeds to sugars
6. An organelle that is not pigmented and is found primarily in roots
and tubers, where it is used to store starch
7. An organelle containing digestive enzymes
___________
-filaments
___________
-tubules
___________
-villi
___________
-sin
peroxi-
____________
___________
___________
___________
____________
-karyotes
-sol
___________
____________
Matching
a. actin
e. granum
i. plasma membrane
m. vacuole
8. Small, solid filaments, 7nm in diameter, that make up part of the
cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
9. Small, hollow filaments, 25 nm in diameter, that make up part of
the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
10.Small, finger-like projections from cell surfaces that increase
surface area
11.A muscle protein that, together with actin, is responsible for
muscle contraction
12. An organelle containing enzymes that split hydrogen peroxide,
rendering it harmless
13. Precursor organelles
14. Organism that evolved before organisms with nuclei
15. Cell contents exclusive of the nucleus and organelles; the fluid
component of the cytoplasm
16. An organism with a distinct nucleus surrounded by nuclear
membrane
b. centriole
f. mitochondrion
j. ribosome
n. vesicle
c. chloroplast
g. nuclear envelope
k. secretory vesicle
d. endoplasmic reticulum
h. nucleolus
l. stroma
For each of these definitions, select the correct matching term from the list above
____ 1. One of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus
____ 2. Site of ribosome synthesis
____ 3. An intracellular organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration
____ 4. A fluid-filled, membrane-bounded sac found within the cytoplasm; may function in storage,
digestion, or water elimination
____ 5. Any small, sac, especially a small spherical membrane-bounded compartment, within the
cytoplasm
____ 6. A chlorophyll-bearing intracellular organelle of some plant cells
____ 7. A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast
____ 8. The fluid region of the chloroplast
____ 9. An interconnected network of intracellular membranes
____10.An organelle that is part of the protein synthesis machinery
Making Comparisons – Fill in the Blanks
Cell Structure
Location of Structure
Function of Structure
Kind of Cell containing
this structure
Prokaryotic
Nuclear area containing
a single strand of
circular DNA
#1
Cytoplasm
Inheritance, control
center
Cytoplasm and ER
#2
Golgi complex
#3
Synthesis of
polypeptides
#4
Mitochondria
#5
#6
#7
Complex of
chromosomes
Centrioles
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
Cell wall
#14
Protection, support
#15
#16
#17
#18
Chloroplasts
#19
Encloses cellular
contents, regulates
passage of materials into
and out of cell
#20
Most eukaryotic
Eukaryotic (primarily
plants)