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Transcript
A.P. Biology Chapter 4 – Organization of the Cell Chapters 2 and 3 introduced you to the inorganic and organic materials that are critical to an understanding of the cell, the basic unit of life. In this chapter and those that follow, you will see how cells utilize these chemical materials. Because all cells come from preexisting cells, they have similar needs and therefore share many fundamental features. Most cells are microscopically small because of limitations on the movement of materials across the plasma membrane. Cells are studied by a combination of methods, including microscopy and cell fractionation. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are complex, containing a variety of membranous organelles. Although each organelle has its own particular structure and function, all of the organelles of a cell work together in an integrated fashion. The cytoskeleton provides mechanical support to the cell and functions in cell movement, the transport of materials within cells, and cell division. Most cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix that is secreted by the cells themselves. INTRODUCTION 1. ________________ are the building blocks of complex multicellular organisms. THE CELL THEORY 2. The two components of the cell theory are __________________________ and _______________________________ CELL ORGANIZATION AND SIZE The organization of all cells is basically similar 3. All cells are enclosed by a ________________________ 4. The internal structure of cells that carry on life’s activities are called _____________________ Cell size is limited 5. In general, the smaller the cell, the larger the _______________________ 6. A micrometer is 1/1,000,000 of a meter and therefore _________________ of a millimeter Cell size and shape are related to function 7. The _____________________________ of cells are related to the functions they perform METHODS FOR STUDYING CELLS Light microscopes are used to study stained or living cells 8. (a) _____________________ is the ratio of microscopic size to actual size of an object, and (b) _____________ is the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image. Electron microscopes provide a high-resolution image that can be greatly magnified 9. Powerful electron microscopes are used to study the ____________________ of cells Biologists use biochemical techniques to study cell components 10. Cell components are separated by a method known as __________________________ PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 11. _______________________ cells are relatively lacking in complexity, and their genetic material is not enclosed by membranes. 12. ______________________ cells are relatively complex and possess both membrane-bound organelles and a “true” nucleus. 13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained in the ____________________ CELL MEMBRANES 14. Membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into ________________________ 15. The internal membrane system in the eukaryotic cell is known as the _________________ THE CELL NUCLEUS 16. The __________________________ consists of two concentric membranes that separate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm 17. DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex known as _____________________ ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM Ribosomes manufacture proteins 18. Ribosomes are tiny particles found free in the cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes; they consist of (a) __________________ and are synthesized by the (b) _________________________ The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal membranes 19. The ____________________________ is a complex of intracytoplasmic membranes that compartmentalize the cytoplasm 20. Rough (RER) is studded with ___________________ that are involved in protein synthesis 21. Some proteins constructed on RER are transported by __________________ for secretion to the outside or insertion in other membranes. The Golgi complex processes, sorts, and modifies proteins 22. In some cells the Golgi consists of flattened membranous sacs called _____________________ Lysosomes are compartments for digestion 23. Lysosomes are small sacs containing ________________________ that can break down (lyse) complex molecules, foreign substances, and “dead” organelles 24. Primary lysosomes are formed by budding from the __________________ Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs with a variety of functions 25. The membrane of a vacuole is called the _______________________ Peroxisomes metabolize small organic compounds 26. Peroxisomes get their name from the fact that they produce _____________________ during oxidation reactions. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-converting organelles 27. The chemical reactions that convert food energy to ATP (cellular respiration) take place in organelles called ____________________ Mitochondria make ATP through cellular respiration 28. Mitochondria negatively affect health and aging through the release of ____________________ Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis 29. ________________________ are organelles that contain green pigments that trap light energy for photosynthesis. 30. ______________________ membranes contain chlorophyll that traps sunlight energy and converts it to chemical energy in ATP 31. The matrix within chloroplasts, where carbohydrates are synthesized, is called the (a) ___________________, while the ATP that supplies energy to drive the process is synthesized on membranes called (b) _____________________ THE CYTOSKELETON 32. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that are responsible for the ________________ of cells 33. ___________________ and __________________ are both made up of globular protein subunits that can rapidly assemble and disassemble. Microtubules are hollow cylinders 34. _______________________ may play a role in some types of microtubule formation 35. Microtubules consist of the two proteins ________________ and ________________ Microfilaments consist of intertwined strings of actin 36. In muscle cells actin is associated with the protein ________________ to form fibers associated with muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments help stabilize cell shape 37. Keratin and neurofilaments are examples of tough, flexible fibers called _________________ that stabilize cell shape CELL COVERINGS 38. In most eukaryotic cells polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids form a _________________, or cell coat, that is part of the plasma membrane. 39. Plant cell walls are composed primarily of ____________________ and smaller quantities of other polysaccharides Building words – Use combinations of prefixes and suffixes to build words for the definitions that follow. Prefix ChloroChromoCytoEuLeukoLysoMicroMyoPro- The Meaning green color cell good, well, “true” white (without color) loosening, decomposition small muscle “before” Prefix ___________ ___________ Suffix -phyll ____________ ___________ ___________ Glyoxy- -plasm -skeleton ____________ ___________ ____________ ___________ ____________ Suffixes -karyo(te) -plast(id) -some The Meaning nucleus formed, molded, “body” body Definition 1. A green pigment that traps light for photosynthesis 2. Organelles containing pigments that give fruits and flowers their characteristic colors 3. Cell contents exclusive of the nucleus 4. A complex network of protein filaments within the cell. 5. A microbody containing enzymes used to convert stored fats in plant seeds to sugars 6. An organelle that is not pigmented and is found primarily in roots and tubers, where it is used to store starch 7. An organelle containing digestive enzymes ___________ -filaments ___________ -tubules ___________ -villi ___________ -sin peroxi- ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ -karyotes -sol ___________ ____________ Matching a. actin e. granum i. plasma membrane m. vacuole 8. Small, solid filaments, 7nm in diameter, that make up part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells 9. Small, hollow filaments, 25 nm in diameter, that make up part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells 10.Small, finger-like projections from cell surfaces that increase surface area 11.A muscle protein that, together with actin, is responsible for muscle contraction 12. An organelle containing enzymes that split hydrogen peroxide, rendering it harmless 13. Precursor organelles 14. Organism that evolved before organisms with nuclei 15. Cell contents exclusive of the nucleus and organelles; the fluid component of the cytoplasm 16. An organism with a distinct nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane b. centriole f. mitochondrion j. ribosome n. vesicle c. chloroplast g. nuclear envelope k. secretory vesicle d. endoplasmic reticulum h. nucleolus l. stroma For each of these definitions, select the correct matching term from the list above ____ 1. One of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus ____ 2. Site of ribosome synthesis ____ 3. An intracellular organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration ____ 4. A fluid-filled, membrane-bounded sac found within the cytoplasm; may function in storage, digestion, or water elimination ____ 5. Any small, sac, especially a small spherical membrane-bounded compartment, within the cytoplasm ____ 6. A chlorophyll-bearing intracellular organelle of some plant cells ____ 7. A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast ____ 8. The fluid region of the chloroplast ____ 9. An interconnected network of intracellular membranes ____10.An organelle that is part of the protein synthesis machinery Making Comparisons – Fill in the Blanks Cell Structure Location of Structure Function of Structure Kind of Cell containing this structure Prokaryotic Nuclear area containing a single strand of circular DNA #1 Cytoplasm Inheritance, control center Cytoplasm and ER #2 Golgi complex #3 Synthesis of polypeptides #4 Mitochondria #5 #6 #7 Complex of chromosomes Centrioles #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 Cell wall #14 Protection, support #15 #16 #17 #18 Chloroplasts #19 Encloses cellular contents, regulates passage of materials into and out of cell #20 Most eukaryotic Eukaryotic (primarily plants)