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Transcript
Bell Work: 1/14/14 Please pick up your Binder, pick up today’s notes, find your assigned seat and log-in to LEARN on your Laptop. 1. 2. Please open the Cell Functions topic and open the Plants Cells vs. Animals & Transports Power Point and review to complete you notes. 17.0 Analyze the Relationships Within Living Systems 17.1 Explain the role of the cell and cellular processes. Which of the following cells is a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote? A. B. What is a cell? ■ The smallest unit that can carry all the processes of life What is the cell theory? ■ ■ ■ ■ The basic unit of structure and function within an organism is the cell All living organisms are composed or one or more cells Cells come only from existing cells That cells are the smallest life forms capable of self-replication. Why are cells important to Agriculture? ■ Without the ability to study cells, most of the advances in agriculture would not have taken place ■ ■ Life processes take place on a cellular level Everything in the production process of plants and animals must be understood at cellular level to make improvements Cell Types ■ What kinds of cells exist in nature? ■ There are only two main categories of cells that comprise all life forms, no matter how complicated a life form may appear: ■ ■ 1. Prokaryotes, and 2. Eukaryotes. Prokaryote Cells • • • Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus. They have genetic materials but are not enclosed within a membrane. Instead, the genetic material (DNA) of prokaryotes floats free in the cell. Prokaryote Cells • These include bacteria and cyanophytes. • The genetic material is a single circular DNA and is contained in the cytoplasm, since there is no nucleus. Eukaryote Cell • These are cells • with a nucleus. The genetic material is surrounded by a membrane much like the cells membrane. Eukaryote Cell • Eukaryotic cells are found in humans and other • multi-cellular organisms (plants and animals) also algae, protozoa. They have both a cellular membrane and a nuclear membrane What is an organelle? ■ A cell component that performs specific functions ■ Example – nucleus, cell membrane Cell Membrane ■ ■ ■ The outer boundary of the cell Gives shape and flexibility to the cell Is semi-permeable Cell Wall ■ ■ ■ ■ Only in plant cells Thicker then the membrane Relatively inflexible Protects and supports the cell Cytoplasm ■ ■ Semi-fluid material inside a cell Helps to keep all organelles in place Nucleus ■ ■ ■ The cells brain Contains chromosomes Involved in protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ■ ■ Folded membrane Transports proteins and other materials Ribosomes ■ ■ The site of protein synthesis Can be attached to the ER or float loose in the cell Golgi Body ■ ■ Closely stacked flattened membranes It is the processing, packaging and secreting organelle Mitochondria ■ Breaks down food molecules and releases energy Lysosome ■ ■ ■ Contains digestive enzymes Digests and rids the cell of waste Prevents bacteria and viruses from invading Vacuole ■ ■ ■ ■ Sack of fluid surrounded by a membrane Stores food, enzymes or waste. Animals cells have many small ones Plant cells have one large on Plant cell vs. Animal cell ■ Plant Cells have: ■ ■ ■ Cell Wall One Large vacuole Plastids (stores food or pigment which give color to plant) Plant cell vs. Animal cell Animal Cell Plant Cell cell cell Cell Functions ■ Homeostasis and Transport Homeostasis •The stable internal condition of a living thing •Transportation across a membrane is essential for maintaining homeostasis •Cell membranes help control homeostasis by controlling what substances pass in or 26 out. 27 Two Types of Transport Passive Transport •Passive Transport •Diffusion •Active Transport •Osmosis •Facilitated Diffusion •Ion Channels 28 29 Diffusion simplest type of passive transport ■ ■ The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Does not require the cell to expend energy 30 31 Diffusion Principles ■There is a concentration gradient-the difference in concentration of molecules across a space ■Diffusion driven by the kinetic energy the molecules possess-moves randomly ■Diffusion always occurs DOWN the concentration gradient from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration. 32 33 Diffusion Principles ■Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature, size, and type of molecule that is diffusing ■Small molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules ■Molecules diffuse faster at higher temperatures 34 35 Diffusion Principles ■Diffusion will eventually cause the concentration of the molecules to be the same throughout the space, and the concentration gradient will no longer exist 36 ■When this occurs the system is said to be in a state of equilibrium 37 Osmosis • Passive Transport • diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 38 39 Osmosis ■ Terms: ✹ Solute: substance being dissolved in solution ✹ Solvent: the substance in which a solute is being dissolved ✹ Solution: a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly dissolved in another substance 40 Ex: sugar + water mix Solute = ? Solvent = ? Solution = ? 41 Net Direction of Osmosis When the concentration of solute molecules is higher outside the cell, the solution is hypertonic to the cytosol. 42 Water will move out of the cell 43 Net Direction of Osmosis When the concentration of solute molecules is lower outside the cell, the solution is hypotonic to the cytosol. Water will diffuse into the cell When a cell bursts it is called cytolysis 44 45 Net Direction of Osmosis When concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is equal to that inside the cell, the solution is isotonic to the cytosol. 46 No net movement of water, water diffuses in/out at equal rates 47 Net Direction of Osmosis Red Blood Cell 48 49