Download Chapters 5 & 6 Notes

PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
1
2
The Nature of Sensory Processes
 the experience of stimulation of the body’s senses
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information
Colored surface can be either the
outside front surface or the inside
back surface
Cannot simultaneously be both
Brain can interpret the ambiguous
cues two different ways
5
Why is the Dalmatian difficult to see?
=> Figure -objects perceived to stand apart from background
=> Ground -background against which a figure appears
Figure? Ground?
**Figure & Ground apply to all senses (not just vision)
**both interpretations
Examples:
=> Camouflage – blends into background
Test your
awareness
9
10
SENSATION
How we detect physical energy from
the environment and encode it as
neural signals
the experience of stimulation of the
body’s senses
process by which our sense receptors
and nervous system receive and
represent stimulus energies from our
environment
PERCEPTION
refers to how we select, organize, and
interpret information
experiencing meaningful patterns in
the “jumble” of sensory information
11
12
Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out
complex images.
“The Forest Has Eyes,” Bev Doolittle
13
Bottom-up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense
receptors and works up to the level of the brain
and mind.
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into
features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”
14
Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes as we construct perceptions,
drawing on our experience and expectations.
THE CHT
15
Click the picture for video - Sensation and
Perception
This program demonstrates how visual
information is gathered and processed,
and how our culture, previous
experiences, and interests influence our
perceptions. With Dr. David Hubel of
Harvard University and Dr. Misha Pavel of
the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science
and Technology.
16
Sensation
Sensing the World:
Some Basic Principles
 Threshold
 Sensory Adaptation
Vision
 The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
 The Eye
17
Sensation
Vision
 Visual Information Processing
 Color Vision
Hearing
 The Stimulus Input: Sound
Waves
 The Ear
 Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture
18
Sensation
Other Important Senses
 Touch
 Taste
 Smell
 Body Position and Movement
19
Sensation & Perception
How do we construct our representations of the
external world?
To represent the world, we must detect physical
energy (a stimulus) from the environment and
convert it into neural signals. This is a process
called sensation.
When we select, organize, and interpret our
sensations, the process is called perception.
20
Sensing the World
Senses are nature’s gift that suit an organism’s
needs.
A frog feeds on flying insects; a male silkworm
moth is sensitive to female sex-attractant odor; and
we as human beings are sensitive to sound
frequencies that represent the range of human
voice.
21
Exploring the Senses
1. What stimuli cross our threshold for conscious
awareness?
2. Could we be influenced by stimuli too weak
(subliminal) to be perceived?
3. Why are we unaware of unchanging stimuli,
like a band-aid on our skin?
22
22nd October 1850
A relative increase in
mental intensity,
[Fechner] realized,
might be measured in
terms of the relative
increase in physical
energy required to
bring it about
(Wozniak, 1999).
Gustav Fechner
(1801-1887)
23
Psychophysics- study of the
relationship between
physical characteristics of
stimuli and our psychological
experience of them
Light- brightness
Sound- volume
Pressure- weight
Taste- sweetness
Absolute
Threshold
Intensity
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Observer’s Response
Detected
Tell when you (the observer) detect the light.
1. Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50%
of the time
24
Proportion of “Yes” Responses
1.00
0.50
0.00
•Vision: A single candle flame from 30 miles on a dark, clear night
•Hearing: The tick of a watch from 20 feet in total quiet
•Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room apartment
•Touch: The wing of a bee on your cheek, dropped from 1 cm
•Taste: 1 tsp. Sugar in 2 gal. water
0
5
10
15
20
Stimulus Intensity (lumens)
25
25
2. Difference Threshold
• minimum
difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
•just noticeable difference (JND)
Difference
Threshold
No
No
Yes
Observer’s Response
Tell when you (observer) detect a difference in the light.
26
Subliminal Threshold:
When stimuli are below
one’s absolute threshold for
conscious awareness.
Kurt Scholz/ Superstock
27
Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
a.
b.
c.
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus
(signal) amid background noise (other stimulation).
SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection
depends partly on persons:
Works
with all
senses
i. experience
ii. expectations
iii. motivation
iv. level of fatigue; stressors
ie. HOW SOON WOULD YOU NOTICE A RADAR BLIP OF AN APPROACHING
SHIP?
Ie. Baseball batter; wide reciever; video gamers
Carol Lee/ Tony Stone Images
28
SDT Matrix
The observer decides whether she hears the tone
or not, based on the signal being present or not.
This translates into four outcomes.
Decision
Yes
No
Present
Hit
Miss
Absent
False
Alarm
Correct
Rejection
Signal
29
4. Weber’s Law =>
to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant
minimum percentage
Weber fraction: k = dI/I
Stimulus
Constant (k)
Light
8%
Weight
2%
See book activity
Tone
3%
30
5. Sensory adaptation-
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
GEE, THIS WATER IS cold!
COMON’ IN.
THE WATER
IS FINE!
What other examples can you come up with?
31
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of
constant stimulation.
Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile
you don’t sense it.
32
Now you see, now you don’t
33
Beau Lotto's color games puzzle your vision, but they also
spotlight what you can't normally see: how your brain works.
This fun, first-hand look at your own versatile sense of sight
reveals how evolution tints your perception of what's really out
there.
34
Test Your Awareness : Whodunnit?
35
Pushing the Limits: The Human Eye
36
1.Transduction
In sensation, the transformation of stimulus
energy into neural impulses. Applies to all senses!
Vision => turning stimulus (what you see) into
neural impulse being sent to occipital lobe for
processing.
Phototransduction: Conversion of light energy into
neural impulses that the brain can understand.
37
The Stimulus
Input: Light
Energy
SPECTRUM OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
This spectrum ranges from gamma rays as shorts
as the diameter of an atom to radio waves over a
mile long. The narrow band of wavelengths
visible to the human eye (shown enlarged)
extends from the shorter waves of blue-violet
light to the longer waves of red light.
Important
point to
know
Both Photos: Thomas Eisner
Visible
Spectrum
38
Light Characteristics
1. Wavelength (hue/color)
2. Intensity (brightness)
3. Saturation (purity)
39
Wavelength (Hue)
2. Wavelength is
the distance from
the peak of one
wave to the peak
of the next.
3. Hue (color) is
the dimension of
color determined
by the
wavelength of the
light.
40
Important
point to
know
Wavelength (Hue)
Violet
Indigo
400 nm
Short wavelengths
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
700 nm
Long wavelengths
Different wavelengths of light result
in different colors.
41
Intensity (Brightness)
4. Intensity
Amount of
energy in a
wave
determined by
the amplitude.
It is related to
perceived
brightness.
42
Remember !!
• Frequency is measured by the number of wave peaks moving past a
given point in a certain amount of time. Therefore: High Frequency
= short wavelength (lots of wave past a given point)
A lot of waves move
past this line.
43
wavelength
Measurement Point
What color do
you think this
is?
wavelength
What color do
you think this
is?
44
Remember!!
• The higher the wave the brighter (more
intense) the color
Tall waves = bright, intense colors
Short waves = dull, less intense, or lighter colors
45
Intensity (Brightness)
Blue color with varying levels of intensity.
As intensity increases or decreases, blue color
looks more “washed out” or “darkened.”
46
Purity (Saturation)
Saturated
Saturated
Monochromatic light added to green and red
makes them less saturated.
47
Page 179 of old textbook
48
49
Part
Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Function
Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.
Opening in eye which light passes through.
Muscle that expands and contracts to change the
size of the opening (pupil) for light.
Lens
Transparent structure behind the pupil that
changes shape to focus images on the retina.
Retina
Contains sensory receptors that process visual
information and sends it to the brain.
Fovea
Visual “acuity” happens here. Sharpness/
Details…due to cluster of CONES.
Optic
Nerve
Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Rods
Receptor cells used for night vision
Cones
Receptor cells used for color vision
Blind Spot
Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye
because there are no receptor cells located there.
50
Lens: Transparent
structure behind the
pupil that changes shape
to focus images on the
retina.
1. Accommodation: The
process by which the
eye’s lens changes shape
to help focus near or far
objects on the retina.
Don’t confuse me
with transduction!
51
The Lens
2. Nearsightedness: A
condition in which
nearby objects are seen
more clearly than
distant objects.
3. Farsightedness: A
condition in which
faraway objects are
seen more clearly than
near objects.
52
Retina
Retina: The lightsensitive inner
surface of the eye,
containing receptor
rods and cones in
addition to layers of
other neurons
(bipolar, ganglion
cells) that process
visual information.
53
Bipolar & Ganglion Cells
Bipolar cells receive messages from
photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion
cells, which are for the optic nerve.
54
Optic Nerve, Blind Spot & Fovea
Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the
brain. Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the
eye because there are no receptor cells located there. This
creates a blind spot. Fovea: Central point in the retina
around which the eye’s cones cluster.
http://www.bergen.org
55
Test your Blind Spot
Use your textbook. Close your left eye, and fixate
your right eye on the black dot. Move the page
towards your eye and away from your eye. At
some point the car on the right will disappear due
to a blind spot.
56
Photoreceptors
E.R. Lewis, Y.Y. Zeevi, F.S Werblin, 1969
57
Finally the brain
recognizes and
matches the
constructed image
with previously
stored information /
images and past
experiences
(assumptions,
interests, and
expectations) and
thus identifies the
stimulus (seeing
Cartman). =
conscious
perception of the
person you know!
As feature detection cells are working
separately and simultaneously the
brain’s higher-level cells respond to
combined information from those same
cells.
“parallel processing”
I see Cartman. HOW? Light
rays reflect off him and travel
into my eyes. The rods and
cones, bipolar cells and
ganglion cells convert the light
waves’ energy into neural
impulses.
The brain receives the
impulses and goes
through FEATURE
DETECTION(Hubel &
Weisel) = brain
responds to visual
input
Color
Depth
Movement
Form
Bars
Edges
Gradients of light
58
Visual Information Processing
Optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the
middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to
the visual cortex.
59
Feature Detection
Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to
specific features, such as edges, angles, and
movement.
60
Shape Detection
Ishai, Ungerleider, Martin and Haxby/ NIMH
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity
occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and
houses.
61
Perception in Brain
Our perceptions are a combination of sensory
(bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes.
62
Visual Information Processing
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus
simultaneously is called parallel processing. The
brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such
as color, depth, form and movement etc.
63
Tim Bieber/ The Image Bank
From Sensation to Recognition
64
1. Trichromatic theory: Based on behavioral
experiments, Young & Helmholtz suggested that
the retina should contain three receptors that are
sensitive to red, blue and green colors.
Standard stimulus
Comparison stimulus
Max
Medium
Low
Blue
Green
Red
65
Subtraction of Colors
If three primary
colors (pigments) are
mixed, subtraction of
all wavelengths
occurs and the color
black is the result.
66
Addition of Colors
If three primary colors (lights) are mixed, the
wavelengths are added and the color white is the
result.
Fritz Goro, LIFE magazine, © 1971 Time Warner, Inc.
Additive
color
mixing
67
Photoreceptors
Blue
Cones
MacNichol, Wald
and Brown (1967)
measured directly
the absorption
spectra of visual
pigments of single
cones obtained from
the retinas of
humans.
Short
wave
Green
Cones
Medium
wave
Red
Cones
Long
wave
68
Color Blindness
Genetic disorder in which people are blind to
green or red colors. This supports the
Trichromatic theory.
Ishihara Test
People who suffer redgreen blindness have
trouble perceiving the
number within the design
69
2. Opponent Process Theory
Hering proposed
that we process four
primary colors
combined in pairs
of red-green, blueyellow, and blackwhite.
opposing retinal processes enable color
vision
“ON”
RED
GREEN
BLUE
YELLOW
BLACK
WHITE
“OFF”
GREEN
RED
YELLOW
BLUE
WHITE
BLACK
Cones
Afterimage effect
Pg. 187
Retinal
Ganglion
Cells 70
Opponent Colors
Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30
Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report
what you see.
71
3. Color Constancy
–
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination
alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
–
My red mustang is red in my garage with no lights on, and red in the driveway as
well with the sun shining on it!
Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations. However, when context
changes the color of an object may look different.
R. Beau Lotto at University College, London
72
Audition
(HEARING)
SOUND
73
The Ear
Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited
74
The Ear
Outer Ear: Pinna. Collects sounds.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and
cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer,
anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations
of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear,
containing the cochlea, semicircular canals,
and vestibular sacs.
75
anvil - (also called the incus) a tiny bone that
passes vibrations from the hammer to the
stirrup.
cochlea - a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear
structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that
move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse
to form.
eardrum - (also called the tympanic
membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when
sound waves reach it.
Eustachian tube - a tube that connects the
middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes
the pressure between the middle ear and the air
outside. When you "pop" your ears as you
change altitude (going up a mountain or in an
airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in
your middle ear.
hammer - (also called the malleus) a tiny bone
that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the
anvil.
nerves - these carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
outer ear canal - the tube through which sound
travels to the eardrum.
pinna - (also called the auricle) the visible part
of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it
into the outer ear canal
semicircular canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the
inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of
balance.
stirrup - (also called the stapes) a tiny, Ushaped bone that passes vibrations from the
stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone
in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long).
76
Cochlea
Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to
auditory signals.
77
Hearing (Audition)
Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate. Humans
can hear sounds waves with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The
three bones in the ear (malleus, incus, stapes) pass these vibrations on to the
cochlea. The cochlea is a snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear.
Inside the cochlea is another structure called the organ of Corti. Hair cells
are located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea. The cilia (the hair) of
the hair cells make contact with another membrane called the tectorial
membrane. When the hair cells are excited by vibration, a nerve impulse is
generated in the auditory nerve. These impulses are then sent to the brain.
78
DID YOU KNOW...the stapes is the smallest
bone in the human body. It is only 0.25 to 0.33
cm long [0.10 to 0.13 inches] and weighs only
1.9 to 4.3 milligrams.
Loudness is measured in DECIBELS- this is the
force of sound waves against the ear. The
louder the sound, the more decibels. Here are
approximate decibel levels for some everyday
sounds:
Info found on “neuroscience for kids.” http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bigear.html
79
80
Sound waves are composed of compression and
rarefaction of air molecules.
JUST HEAR THIS! More important Hearing NOTES!
Place Theory
•
the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s
membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theory
•
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve
matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
HOW WE LOCATE SOUNDS
Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more
intensely than the other. From this information, our
nimble brains compute the sound’s location. As
you might expect, people who lose all hearing in
one ear, often have difficulty location sounds.
Acoustical transduction: Conversion of sound
waves into neural impulses in the hair cells of the
81
inner ear.
Theories of Audition
Frequency Theory states that the rate of nerve
impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches
the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense
its pitch.
Sound
Frequency
Auditory Nerve
Action Potentials
100 Hz
200
82
Theories of Audition
Place Theory suggests that sound frequencies
stimulate the basilar membrane at specific
places resulting in perceived pitch.
http://www.pc.rhul.ac.uk
83
Sound Characteristics
1. Frequency (pitch)
2. Intensity (loudness)
3. Quality (timbre)
84
Frequency (Pitch)
Frequency (pitch):
The dimension of
frequency
determined by the
wavelength of
sound.
Wavelength: The
distance from the
peak of one wave
to the peak of the
next.
85
Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity
(Loudness):
Amount of energy
in a wave,
determined by the
amplitude, relates
to the perceived
loudness.
86
Quality (Timbre)
Quality (Timbre): Characteristics of sound from
a zither and a guitar allows the ear to distinguish
between the two.
http://www.1christian.net
www.jamesjonesinstruments.com
Zither
Guitar
87
Overtones
Overtones: Makes the distinction among musical
instruments possible.
88
Localization of Sound
1. Intensity differences
2. Time differences
Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second
can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a
“shadow” or partial sound barrier.
89
Conduction Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by
damage to the mechanical system that conducts
sound waves to the cochlea.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss:
 Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory
nerve, also called nerve deafness
 aided with a cochlear implant
 has led to widespread debate b/w those who are deaf and those who are not
deaf
Cochlear Implant
90
Hearing Deficits
Older people tend to hear low
frequencies well but suffer hearing
loss for high frequencies.
This high-frequency loss results from
nerve degeneration near the beginning
of the basilar membrane. The findings
supports place theory’s assumption that
different pitches activate different
places on the basilar membrane.
91
Directions: Complete the Penny Saved is a Penny Heard activity along with the questions/ worksheet.
1. How does “A Penny Saved is a Penny Heard!” explain sensory
adaptation?
2. How does “A Penny Saved is a Penny Heard!” explain the topic of sensory
threshold? (pg. 199)
3. Define difference threshold (jnd) and apply it to “A Penny Saved is a
Penny Heard!” (pg. 201)
4. What year did the composition of the Penny change?
5. How might we alter our experiment to help prove the signal detection
theory? What could we do in our experiment – explain:
6. Since we were not in a lab setting, what are some problems that could
bias or negatively affect the outcome of our experiment, producing
unreliable results?
92
• WARM + COLD = HOT
• PRESSURE + COLD = WET
• PRESSURE + PAIN = ITCH
• PRESSURE + PRESSURE = TICKLE
Paradoxical heat
• Skin is the largest organ in/of the human body
• 4 distinct skin senses: pressure, warmth, cold & pain
• Essential to development from start of life
**premature babies gain more weight faster if stimulated by
hand massages**
Taylor, Greggie, Gilina, Laura Elizabeth
Mind over Matter
• Pain is distributed everywhere
throughout the brain
Pain control: distracting thoughts
is an effective way to increase
pain tolerance = placebo effect
Chronic Pain: constant or
reoccurring pain
Phantom Limbs: the brain can misinterpret
the spontaneous central nervous system
activity that occurs in the absence of normal
sensory input (you can try to reach with a
body part that isn’t there)
People born without the ability to feel pain
usually die at a young age
Gate Control Theory – Spinal cord contains a neurological
“gate” that blocks or allows pain signals. Melzack & WALL
Opened By: Pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
Closed By: Activity in the larger fibers or by
information coming from the brain
Pain is the body’s
way of telling you
that something has
gone wrong
-No single stimulus that triggers pain, nor are there any special receptors.
Gate Control Theory – Spinal cord contains a neurological
“gate” that blocks or allows pain signals. Melzack & WALL
Opened By: Pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
Closed By: Activity in the larger fibers or by information coming from the
brain
Pain Control
Drugs
Exercise
Surgery
Hypnosis
Massage
Thought Distraction
When Lucy tricks Charlie Brown yet
again, Brown experiences pain, a
message from his body that he is a
terrible kicker.
Sensory interaction- the principle that
one sense may influence another
Cross Adaptation – brushing your teeth
and then drinking orange juice!
Smell + Texture(experience) + Taste = Flavor
Our emotional response to taste is innate
- If you lose taste sensation on half of your
(everyone makes the same face after
tongue, you can’t tell the difference because eating something sour)
the other side compensates for the loss.
- Inside each tiny bump on the
surface of the tongue there are
200 or more taste buds.
- Taste receptors reproduce themselves
every week or two.
- As you grow older, your number of
taste buds decreases, and tongue
sensitivity decreases.
* Also, alcohol and cigarettes decrease
taste sensation
Click
picture
for
video
Smell is also called olfaction.
There are millions of receptor cells and
they combine with odor molecules to
allow you to smell.
Women and young adults have the best
sense of smell.
Strongest sense tied to memory.
“This Old Spice ad suggests that
if you use Red Zone body spray
your girlfriend will be fond of the
way you smell and thus will
harbor positive feelings toward
you—even when you're acting
like a knucklehead.”
We can identify over 10,000 different
odors.
Odors can have the power to evoke memories and feelings.
Pheromones – odor molecules => sense of attraction; evolution?
Like taste, smell is a chemical sense.
Smell comes in through the nose and hits the
receptor cells. Messages are then sent to the
olfactory nerve. That transfers messages to
the olfactory bulb. From there it goes to the
temporal lobe in the limbic system.
Nasal
Conchae
•
Smell is a chemical sense
•
Sense of smell peaks in adulthood
•
Process:
1.
Molecules of sent reach receptors at
the top of the nose
2.
Receptors send messages to the
axons fibers (forming the Olfactory
nerve)
3.
The fibers send the message to the
Olfactory bulb
4.
The information is sent to the primary
smell cortex (located in temporal
lobe)
•
We can detect over 10,000 odors
•
Olfactory brain is linked to memory
storage
•
Pleasant smell = better performance
Nasal
Passage
Olfactory bulb
Ex: Chocolate
•Kinesthetic Sense is the
sense of our body parts’
position and movement
•For you to take one step
requires feedback and
instructions from 200 muscles
•1972- Ian Waterman
contracted a rare viral
infection that destroyed
nerves enabling his sense of
light, touch, body position,
and movement. He couldn’t
move or function so he had no
Kinesthesia
•Vestibular Sense monitors the
head’s (and thus the body’s) position
and balance/ equilibrium
•Your inner ears send the
information that enables your brain
to monitor your body’s position
•The biological gyroscopes for your
sense of equilibrium are in the inner
ear (semicircular canals and
vestibular sacs)
• Semicircular canals and vestibular
sacs which connect to the cochlea
are substances that move when the
head rotates or tilts which stimulates
hair-like receptors in these organs of
the inner ear
•If you twirl around and then come to an abrupt halt, neither the fluid
in your semicircular canals nor your kinesthetic receptors immediately
return to their neutral state= dizziness
Other Important Senses
Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin
senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
100
Skin Senses
Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other
skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth,
cold and pain.
Pressure
Burning hot
Vibration
Vibration
Cold, warmth and pain
101
Pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone
wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the
skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in
which the afflicted person feels no pain.
AP Photo/ Stephen Morton
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
nor extreme hot or cold.
102
Biopsychosocial Influences
103
Gate-Control Theory
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our
spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that
either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com
104
Pain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies
including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise,
hypnosis, and even thought distraction.
Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W.
©Hunter Hoffman, www.vrpain.com
105
Sensory Interaction
When one sense affects another sense, sensory
interaction takes place. So, the taste of strawberry
interacts with its smell and its texture on the
tongue to produce flavor.
106
Age, Gender, and Smell
Ability to identify smell peaks during early
adulthood, but steadily declines after that. Women
are better at detecting odors than men.
107
Smell and Memories
The brain region for
smell (in red) is closely
connected with the
brain regions involved
with memory (limbic
system). That is why
strong memories are
made through the sense
of smell.
108
Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and
movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular
sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
http://www.heyokamagazine.com
Whirling Dervishes
Wire Walk
109
1. What is the difference b/w top down processing and bottom up processing?
2. What is the difference b/w sensory threshold and jnd?
3.
4. Explain signal detection using the following example:
“DRIVING A CAR AND HEARING AN AMBULANCE IN THE DISTANCE”
5. Explain the following and give an example:
a. Sensory Adaptation
b. color constancy
c. size constancy
d. shape constancy
110
6. What is the difference b/w transduction and accomodation?
7. Label the eye
111
8. What are the stages/ steps of light passing through the eyeball?
9. What can an afterimage be used to explain?
112
Visual
Perception
Hidden
Meanings in
Popular Logos*
• From AOL.com Daily Finance
http://www.dailyfinance.com/2011/01/14/hidden-meanings-in-12-popular-logos/
FedEx
Can you spot something in this
logo? The FedEx logo, designed in
1994 by Linden Leader & Landor
Associates, at first appears simple
and straightforward. However, if
you look at the white space
between the "E" and "x" you can
see a right-facing arrow. This
"hidden" arrow was intended to be
a subliminal symbol for speed and
precision.
Amazon.com
That yellow arrow is more than just
a decorative swoosh. The Amazon
logo was created to represent the
message that it sells everything
from A to Z (the arrow connects the
two letters) and also represents the
smile that customers would
experience by shopping on the
Amazon.com Web site (the arrow
becomes a smile).
Baskin-Robbins
In 2005, as part of its 60th
anniversary celebration, BaskinRobbins launched a new brand
identity. The new logo was intended
to "capture the fun and energy of
Baskin-Robbins." In the old logo,
the number "31" appeared within a
simple arc, suggestive of a scoop of
ice cream, and next to the name. In
the new logo, you can see that the
"31" still exists. It is now formed by
the pink portion of the ice cream
store's two initials: "B" and "R."
Big Ten Conference
Founded in 1896, the Big Ten
Conference is a union of world-class
academic institutions who share a
common mission of research,
graduate, professional and
undergraduate teaching and public
service. From approximately 1949
until 1990, the Big Ten consisted of 10
member schools. Then, on June 4,
1990, it added Pennsylvania State
University into the Conference. The
"Big Ten" name stayed the same, but
a logo was crafted to reference this
addition by planting a number "11" in
the negative space. (Look closely at
the blue space surrounding the letters
"G" and "T" in the left logo.) However,
the conference recently revealed an
even newer logo to be used beginning
with the 2011-12 academic year
(shown right). The lettering includes
an embedded numeral "10" in the
word "BIG" and is built on the
conference's iconic name, but this
time without any reference to the
number of member institutions
Toblerone
In 1908, in Berne, Switzerland,
Theodore Tobler and Emil
Baumann (Tobler's cousin),
developed a unique chocolate,
consisting of a special recipe and a
triangular shape. But it wasn't until
1970 that the Matterhorn mountain
image appeared on the packaging
for the first time. Today there is a
bear (symbol of the city of Berne,
where Toblerone is produced)
hidden in the modern version of the
Matterhorn mountain logo.
Northwest Airlines
Back in 2003, lamenting the loss of
the old Northwest Airlines logo
(shown here), pilot Patrick Smith
published his critique of the new
logo in his "Ask the Pilot" column at
Salon.com, saying the airline's
previous circular corporate logo
was, "quite simply, a work of
genius. It was an N; it was a W; it
was a compass pointing toward the
northwest."
Sun Microsystems
Sun's logo -- which features four
interleaved copies of the word "sun"
-- was designed by professor
Vaughan Pratt of Stanford
University. It is an ambigram, which
is defined as a typographical design
or artform that may be read as one
or more words not only in its form
as presented, but also from another
viewpoint, direction or orientation.
The initial version of the logo had
the sides oriented horizontally and
vertically, but it was subsequently
redesigned so as to appear to
stand on one corner.
Goodwill
Do you see the right half of a smiley
face? Or do you see a lower case
"g"? In either case, you'd be
correct.
Families and Marriage
The "i's" in Families and the
mirrored "R's" in Marriage visually
symbolize both relationships simply
and effectively.
Unilever
According to Unilever, its new
identity is an expression of vitality.
Each icon within the logo
represents an aspect of its
business. For example, the shirt
(below the heart) symbolizes
"clothes" and represent fresh
laundry and looking good.
IBM
According to the IBM Archives, in
1972 the IBM international
recognition logo was adopted and
remains the official logo still in use.
The IBM logo is easily recognized
by the distinctive eight stripes that
make up the letters IBM. The
horizontal stripes are intended to
suggest "speed and dynamism."