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Nervous System
UNIT 9
The nervous system works with the
endocrine system to control how you
body works and to help your body
respond to changes in its surroundings.
Messages picked up from inside and
outside the body cause the nervous
system to create signals (nerve
impulses).
Nervous System
These signals coordinate the body’s
thoughts, senses, movements, balance,
and many automatic responses.
•Specialized cells, called neurons, receive and
send the signals.
The brain, the spinal cord, and many
nerves make up the nervous system.
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE N.S.?
The Brain
 The Spinal Cord
 And Many Nerves

BrainThe main control
center of the
nervous system!
Spinal CordThe column of
nerve tissue
that runs
through the
backbone!
NerveA bundle of neurons
that carry electrical
signals from one
part of the body to
another.
2 MAJOR PARTS

The N.S. is divided into 2 major parts:
 Central
Nervous System (CNS)
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
CNS
The brain and the
spinal cord!
PNS
The nerves that connect the
brain and spinal cord to
other parts of the body!
HOW DO THEY WORK?

Some nerves of the PNS gather messages from
inside and outside the body and carry signals
to the CNS.
The CNS interprets the incoming signals.
If a response is needed, the CNS sends signals back to
the muscles and the organs of the body through other
nerves of the PNS.
The signals from the CNS cause a response.
NEURONS?

3 partsDendrites
Cell
Body
Axons
Cell Body- Central Part
Dendrites- Receive Signals
Axons- Carries signals to the next cell
ActivityCreate a
Circle;
dendrites
(Left hand)
receive
signal
Axon (right
hand) gives
signal!
NEURONS…
A Synapse is a point between a neuron that is
sending a signal and the neuron or other cells
that is receiving the signal.
 The ends of axons release chemicals called
Neurotransmitters which move across the
synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the
surface of the next cell. When the chemicals
bind, they pass a signal to the next cell.

HOW DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK?
Sensory Receptors
detect messages &
create signals
Sensory Nerves are
nerves that carry the
signals from the senses
to the CNS
The N.S. responds in 2
ways; voluntary or
involuntary (automatic).
Motor Nerves are
nerves that carry
signals from the brain
or the spinal cord to the
muscles and glands to
respond!
THE BRAIN
THE BRAIN
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Largest, most complex
Controls balance and
posture.
Center for thought, imagination, and
emotions
2 halves: each half has 4 lobes that
control different things
These activities include the control of
movement and the processing of
signals that create vision, hearing,
taste, and touch!
Brain Stem
Guides signals coming from the spinal
cord to other parts of the brain.
There are 3 parts: The Pons is the
wider area just below the cerebrum.
The Midbrain is above the Pons.
Below the Pons, is the Medulla
Oblongata.
It smoothes out movement
that requires fine
coordination!
The Medulla Oblongata helps control
many automatic actions such as
heartbeat, breathing, digestion,
swallowing, vomiting, sneezing and
coughing.
EXPERIMENTS: READ THE COLORS YOU
SEE NOT WHAT COLOR IS WRITTEN!
WHY DOES THIS WORK?





The words themselves have a strong influence over your ability to say the color. The
interference between the different information (what the words say and the color of the words)
your brain receives causes a problem. There are two theories that may explain the Stroop
effect:
Speed of Processing Theory: the interference occurs because words are read faster than colors
are named.
Selective Attention Theory: the interference occurs because naming colors requires more
attention than reading words.
This puzzle would be easier for a very young child than for older children or adults. Some small
kids who know their colors, but cannot yet read!
My scores: Test #1 = 10.1 seconds; Test #2 = 22.4 seconds
It took me more than TWICE the amount of time to read the "confusing" words.
VIDEO!

Video on Nervous System!
ONE UP AT A TIME!

Let’s try the tests!
Stroop
test!
Match-ABrain
Nervous
System
Nerves
Nervous
System 3
Nervous
System 2
Skeletal System
UNIT 9
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeleton is a
framework of bones that
support the muscles and
organs and protect the
inner organs!
The Skeletal System gives
your body the shape it has.
Skeletal
System
Bones serve as points to
which the muscles attach
and create body
movement.
Inside some bones, there
is a soft issue that makes
new blood cells.
HOW DO BONES GROW?
At birth, the skeletal system is soft
and made mostly of cartilage.
As a child grows, bone tissue begins
to replace the cartilage.
Growing?
At the end of long bones is a band
of cartilage called the epiphysis, or
growth plate. Cartilage that will be
replaced by bone tissue grows here.
When a person reaches full height,
the cartilage stops growing. At this
point, bone tissue has completely
replaced the cartilage, except at the
very tips of the bones in the joints.
HOW MANY BONES DO WE HAVE?
Your skeleton has 206
bones and has 2 main
parts.
1st part: Axial Skeleton
is made up of the
skull, the spinal
column, the rib cage,
and the sternum.
2nd part: Appendicular
Skeleton is made up
of 126 bones.
These bones work
together to provide
support and protect
vital organs. (Brain)
These bones form the
frame to which the
muscles are attached
and enable the body
to move about.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones are made of:
How do they heal?
Bad to Crack Knuckles?
• Outside layer- Periosteum
contains blood vessels
that supply nutrients
which signal pain!
• Under that is a hard
material called compact
bone which supports and
is made up of living bone
cells and nerves.
• Next is the spongy bone, a
connective tissue that
makes bones both light
and strong.
• Many bones also contain
a soft tissue called bone
marrow, which can be
either yellow or red.
• When a bone breaks, the
outer layer tears, causing
severe pain and some
bleeding.
• Blood clots form inside
the break and seal both
sides.
• White blood cells come
and clean out fragments.
• Fibrous strands of
cartilage begin to fill in the
fracture and bridge the
gap between the 2 sides
• The final step in the
process occurs when
compact bone replaces
the cartilage.
• No, the popping or
cracking sounds made by
some joints is very
normal.
• Pulling on a joint creates a
vacuum inside the joint.
• This vacuum causes tiny
air bubbles in the joint
fluid to burst.
• The result is a “pop” or a
“crack” that you can hear.
• Not clearly related to
arthritis!
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Study the
Skeletal System!
Muscular System
UNIT 9
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

There are four characteristics associated with
muscle tissue:

Excitability

Contractility
- Tissue can shorten & thicken

Extensibility
- Tissue can lengthen

Elasticity
- After contracting or lengthening, tissue
always wants to return to its resting state
- Tissue can receive & respond to stimulation
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The characteristics of muscle tissue enable it to
perform some important functions, including:

Movement – both voluntary & involuntary

Maintaining posture

Supporting soft tissues within body cavities

Guarding entrances & exits of the body

Maintaining body temperature
Types of Muscles
Smooth (visceral) muscle
Cardiac muscle tissue
tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Makes up the muscle of
Makes up walls of organs
heart
Associated with & attached
& blood vessels
to the skeleton
Unconsciously
Tissue is non-striated &
(involuntarily) controlled
Under our conscious
involuntary
(voluntary) control
Microscopically appears
Cells are short, spindlestriated
Microscopically the tissue
shaped & have a single
appears striated
Cells are short, branching
nucleus
&
have
a
single
nucleus
Cells are long, cylindrical &
Tissue is extremely
multinucleate
Cells connect to each other
extensible, while still
at intercalated discs
retaining ability to contract
WORKSHEET HELP!

HEALTH PART OF THE SEMESTER IS…
OVER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!