Download Unit-III-The-Nervous-and-Endocrine-Systems

Unit III, The Nervous and Endocrin Systems
NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
BELL ZINGER, UNIT III

Attempt to answer this question
correctly without notes or your
textbook; you should know this from
your reading.

The brain and spinal cord form the
____________________ system, which
communicates with the body’s
sensory receptors, muscles, and
glands via the
________________________ system.
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ANSWER: central nervous
peripheral nervous
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS AN INTEGRATED
NETWORK.
 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYTEM:
Volunteer work is done by choice, so
the body’s (or soma’s) voluntary
actions are controlled by this
nervous system.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
 Autonomic sounds similar to the
word, automatic, and the body’s
automatic actions (breathing,
heartbeat, etc.) are controlled by
this nervous system.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
 Fingers and toes lie in the outermost
areas of the body from the center,
or the periphery of the body.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The brain and spinal cord are
located in the center of the body.
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
Think of:
 The executive function of the
brain and spinal cord.

The delivery function of the
peripheral nerves.

These two systems work seamlessly
together, even though we
separate them to understand
them better.
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The autonomic nervous system
is a key player for emotions,
stress, and health.
THE “FIGHT OR FLIGHT”
RESPONSE IS GOVERNED BY THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM,
AND THIS RESPONSE PLAYS A
ROLE IN HOW WE RESPOND TO
STRESS OR ENVIRONMENTAL
CUES.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous Systems
Together make an opponent process system.
Opponent processes work in opposition of each other, with one system
performing one role and the other system performing the exact opposite role.
The sympathetic nervous system causes the body to rise to the challenge it faces
and the parasympathetic nervous system causes the body to calm after the
challenge has been addressed.
This opposition creates homeostasis, or balance…in the body.

Remember what the sympathetic nervous
system does by thinking about what we do
when we feel sympathy.

We try to help actively by consoling others.

We have to act to help others, so the
sympathetic nervous system will kick in, giving
us the energy we need to accomplish our goals.

The dendrites of neurons contribute significantly to the
complexity of the neural network.
 The more dendrites a neuron has, the greater the number of
connections that one neuron can make with other neurons,
increasing the likelihood that its messages will get passed
along the chain.

Sensory neurons connect to the spinal cord dorsally, or in the
back.


Motor neurons connect in the anterior of the spinal cord, or in the front.
Therefore, it is possible to lose feeling in lower portions of the body in a
spinal cord injury but retain the ability to move if the spinal cord is not
completely severed.

Have you ever jerked away from a hot surface only to
feel the burn after a delay?

Interneurons make reflexes happen. These cells in the
spinal cord process motor responses quickly to protect
the body from harm.

Without interneurons, you would experience severe burns if
you left your hand on that hot surface long enough to process
both the heat and the pain before jerking away!

Feeling no Pain: New Form of Rare Gene Disorder Decoded National
Geographic News
REFLEXES!
The movement for reflexes occurs before the brain has a
chance to process the incoming sensory information.
Reflexes enable us to respond to stimuli before they have
a chance to do us harm.
It’s almost as if the spinal cord is a brain itself – having
the ability to process danger before the brain has to do
so!
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THE HORMONES THEY SECRETE
Thyroid releases thyroxine, increasing metabolic rate, growth, and
maturation.
Parathyroids release parathyroid hormone, increasing blood calcium
and decreasing potassium.
Posterior pituitary gland secretes vasopressin (in addition to
oxytocin), constricting blood vessels and raising blood pressure.
Oxytocin in women sparks labor during pregnancy.
Pancreas secretes insulin, regulating the level of sugar in the
bloodstream.
Ovaries secrete estrogen, promoting ovulation and female sexual
characteristics.
Testes release androgens, promoting sperm production and male
sexual characteristics.
Anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone.
 Too little produces dwarfism; too much results in gigantism.
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DID YOU KNOW?
 Hormones and neurotransmitters!

 They
are different based on where they are
manufactured and located in the body.
 Neurotransmitters
are manufactured in neurons and
other nervous system cells and located in the nervous
system.
 Hormones
are manufactured by glands and based
in the body and bloodstream.
Did you know?
 Endocrine
means, “within.”
 Endocrine glands secrete from within
the body into the bloodstream…