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Today’s Agenda: Journal Questions: a. What is the function of the frontal lobe of your brain? b. What is the function of your sympathetic nervous system? *1. Lecture II: Neuron & Neurotransmitters 2. Homework: Read Chapter 50 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 1 The Amazing Brain Dr. Rick Woodward “Your conscious life is an awake dream.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 2 Organization of the Nervous System I. Central Nervous System consists of: 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord II. Peripheral Nervous System consists of: 1. Somatic Nervous System (1) Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs (2) Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs 2. Autonomic Nervous System (1) Sympathetic Nervous System (2) Parasympathetic Nervous System 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 3 Central Nervous System A. Composed of: 1. The Brain (called the Cerebrum) 2. The Spinal Cord 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 4 Your Brain A. The brain has roughly 100 billion cells. B. 10% of these cells are electrical conducting cells called neurons. C. The brain’s left hemisphere controls language in most people, typically contains about 186 million more neurons than the right (Science Illustrated March/April 2011) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 5 The Neuron: One neuron dies every second starting at birth, which means we lose 31 million neurons every year. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 6 Your Brain D. The average brain weighs about 3 pounds. (1) Male brains typically weigh 10% more than female brains. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 7 Your Brain E. People who drink alcohol heavily, have, on average, 1.6% less brain volume than those who don’t drink alcohol. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 8 Your Brain F. What is the brain made of? (1) 77 – 78% Water (2) 10 - 12% Fat (3) 2% Other Organic Compounds (4) 1% Carbohydrates (5) 1% Inorganic Salts 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 9 Your Brain G. 8 to 10 Seconds is the time it takes to lose consciousness when the brain is deprived of blood. (1) After 40 to 120 seconds, brain damage becomes more likely. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 10 Your Brain H. Brain Imaging: Advances in Neuroscience (The area of the brain’s surface if it were unfolded would be 22 square feet or 34 pages of your textbook laid end-to-end.) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 11 Overview of the Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Nervous Systems 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 12 The Process of Memory -Receiving Information: A. Short Term Memory 1. Immediate Memory 2. Working Memory -Encoding: Transforming Short Term Memory into Long Term Memory 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 13 Types of Memory Immediate Memory: Lasts only 1 to 2 seconds. a. Sensory Memory: Briefly holds stimuli from the environment. (in about .5 to 1 second for vision and 3 to 4 seconds for hearing.) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 14 Types of Memory Short-Term Memory: Loss of information occurs within 1 minute unless the material is continually rehearsed. a. An fMRI image of the areas used for executive functions such as short-term memory tasks. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 15 Types of Memory b. Working Memory: Deliberate thinking takes place. -Limited Capacity (about 7 items) -Limited Duration (about 20 seconds) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 16 Working Memory as a Filter or Screen: Working Memory has three choices: (1) Disregard the information (purge it from memory) 5/24/2017 17 Working Memory as a Filter or Screen: 2) Retain the information by repeating it over and over (rehearsal). (3) Transfer the information into long-term memory though rehearsal or by connecting it with information already there (encoding). 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 18 Long-term Memory is our Permanent Information Store (Reference library) It is the conversion of short-term memory into long-term storage – this process is called consolidation (1) Declarative Knowledge: Knowledge of facts, definitions, and rules. (2) Procedural Knowledge: Knowledge of how to perform activities. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 19 Special Areas of the Brain 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 20 Special Areas of the Brain A. Hippocampus: Learning & Memory (processing from short-term to long-term memory) -Researchers have discovered that Alzheimer’s Disease begins here; initial site of specific protein production that eventually forms amyloid plaques. B. Hypothalamus: Various day-to-day body functions (homeostasis), including appetite, emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 21 The Amygdala C. Amygdala (The Primitive Brain): Plays a vital role in social behavior (impulse control); interpreting facial expressions. Memory of fear involves the amygdala. (Recall: Teenagers tend to use their amygdala rather than their frontal lobe) 5/24/2017 22 Special Areas of the Brain d. Thalamus: Regulates the flow of sensory information. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 23 The Neuron is the functional unit of the brain. 5/24/2017 The human brain consists of a trillion (1,000,000,000,000) neurons. Dr. Rick Woodward 24 Parts of the Neuron: a. Axon: Sends out information (conducts impulses) b. Dendrite: Receives information c. Cell Body: Contains the nucleus d. Myelin: Insulates axons so that transmission of impulses is rapid. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 25 What’s the matter? 5/24/2017 There are two types of matter: 1. Gray Matter (Composed of Neurons & Cell Bodies) a. Place where computation takes place and memories are stored. 2. White Matter (Axons) a. Determines the speed at which information can be processed. 3. The density of gray and white matter in the brain are determined by genes and environmental factors, such as experience. Dr. Rick Woodward 26 What’s the matter? A. There are two types of matter: (1) White Matter (millions of communication cables, each one containing a long, individual wire, or axon, coated with a white, fatty substance called myelin.) a. Like the trunk lines that connect telephones in different parts of a country, this white cabling connects neurons in one region of the brain with those in different regions. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 27 What’s the matter? Recent Research “White Matter Matters.” –Scientific America (March 2008) 2. “For decades neuroscientists exhibited little interest in white matter. They considered the myelin to be mere insulation and the cables as passive passageways.” -Most research has been on the synapse. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 28 What’s the matter? Nerve Transmission: Healthy Myelinated Nerve versus Damaged Nerved 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 29 What’s the matter? 3. New studies show changes in myelin as one learns and practices. a. Myelin is produced until age 25. -The brain does not finish wrapping human axons until early adulthood. “Critical Windows for Learning.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 30 What’s the matter? 4. The importance of myelin: a. “Modern investigation has revealed that nerve impulses race down axons on the order of 100 times faster whey they are coated with myelin.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 31 What’s the matter? 5. “Myelin responds to the environment and participates in learning, in part by strengthening neuronal connects.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 32 What’s the matter? 6. “White matter abnormalities have been found in people affect by ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Language Disorders, Autism, cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer’s disease and even in individuals afflicted with pathological lying.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 33 The Synapse: The point where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next. (Synapse = Gap) A. The number of possible different combinations of synaptic connections among the neurons in a single human brain is larger than the total number of atomic particles that make up the known universe. (Don’t you feel smart!!!) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 34 Active Learning A. Learning is about creating and strengthening the neural pathways in the brain. B. Electrical signals most jump across the synapse (gap) in order for us to lean anything new. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 35 Active Learning C. The first time that we learn something, demands the most effort to cross the gap (synapse). (1) Analogy: Crossing a deep ravine. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 36 Active Learning 2. The first time you attempt to cross a deep ravine may be quite challenging. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 37 Active Learning 3. After you cross the ravine once, it becomes easier and easier. -journeys across get easier and easier as with learning. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 38 Active Learning 4. As the signal crosses the gap again and again, we get a more solid pathway. (i.e. building a bridge across the gap) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 39 Active Learning 5. After you build a bridge, learning becomes almost effortless. a. To learn better, we need to make it easier to cross the synaptic ravine by building and strengthening our bridges. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 40 Neurotransmitters 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 41 Neurotransmitters Chemicals that transmit information. A. Serotonin: Active in maintaining waking EEG patterns. Decreased; related to depression Increased; related to obsessivecompulsive disorder. O.C.D. = Excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 42 EEG Brain Waves 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 43 Neurotransmitters B. Dopamine: Active in maintaining normal motor behavior. -Decreased; muscles are rigid and movements are difficult. i.e. Parkinson’s Disease (T.R.A.P.) -Increased; May be related to schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 44 Current Research a. The brain changes physiologically “plasticity” as a result of experience . b. IQ is not fixed at birth. –Higher development of white matter is correlated directly with higher IQ. c. Children who suffer severe neglect have up to 175 less white matter in the corpus callosum (structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain). d. Some abilities are acquired more easily during certain sensitive periods, or “critical windows of opportunity.” e. Learning is strongly influenced by emotion. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 45 Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 46 Developmental Disorders of the Nervous System a. Major deformities of the nervous system occur before week 20 of pregnancy. b. Anencephaly (no brain) can occur during weeks 3-4. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 47 Advances in Technology I. Visualizing Brain Activity a. Colored magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the axial section of the human brain showing a metastatic tumor (yellow). 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 48 Advances in Technology II. Visualizing Brain Activity b. Positron Emission Tomography 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 49 Advances in Technology III. Visualizing Brain Activity c. DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) -Shows white matter in action. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 50 Sleep How important is sleep? 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 51 Sleep A. As we age, we spend less time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. B. During REM is when we dream c. New born babies spend half their sleeping hours dreaming. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 52 Maslow’s Hierarchy 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 53 Bloom’s Taxonomy 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 54 Bloom’s Taxonomy 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 55 Dr. Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 56 Pharmaceuticals that Can Potentially Enhance Memory Using drugs to amplify the brain’s natural capacity to remember 1. Cortex Pharmaceuticals: Developing a new class of molecules known as ampakines, which facilitate the transmission of the neurotransmitter glutamate. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 57 Limitless (2011) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 58 Pharmaceuticals that Can Potentially Enhance Memory 1 a. Glutamate is one of the primary excitatory chemicals passed across the synapses between neurons. b. By amplifying it effects, Cortex hopes to improve the brain’s underlying ability to form and retrieve memories. c. When administered to middle-age rats, one ampakine was able to reverse their age-related decline in the cellular mechanism of memory. (National Geographic November 2007) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 59 Oxford University Study Get Smart: Learning to Learn (2-07-08) A. Case Study performed on middle school students: 1. Typical Student Profile: a. Poor concentration. b. Not stimulated by school lessons (Thought they were boring) c. Watched lots of television. d. Not interested in reading. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 60 Oxford Study B. Found that by giving students Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oils) may allow the neural signals to jump more easily across the synaptic gap. 1. Found increases in reading, motivation, memory and concentration. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 61 Visualization A. Enhancing athletic performance. 1. Scientists have discovered that if you imagine specific body movements, this stimulates new pathways in the brain that may enhance that specific body movement when actually performed. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 62 Memorizing Facts A. Memorizing: Setting up a neural pathway is like setting up a row of dominoes. 1. Commit a fact to memory and we create a new neural pathway. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 63 Memorizing Facts B. To retrieve a fact, we just simply need to stimulate that specific pathway. -Sounds easy! -Not so easy if that pathway breaks down somewhere along the way. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 64 Memorizing Facts C. Creating simple “original” stories to remember facts allows up to build several neural pathways as opposed to just one. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 65 Memorizing Facts D. By increasing the number of neural pathways, you increase the probability of recalling stored information. -The advantage of storytelling allows us to create lots of pathways. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 66 Memorizing Facts B. Flash Cards 1. One question, one fact per card. a. What is the function of the brain? b. Answer: To control and coordinate the activities of the body. 2. Advantages to Flash Cards: a. Portable b. Memorizing small chunks of information 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 67 Memorizing Facts C. Students need to practice and review new content information at least twenty-four times to obtain 80% competency. (Marzano, Pickering & Pollock, 2001) 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 68 Memorizing Facts D. New learning must make sense to the learner. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 69 Memorizing Facts E. “Authentic rehearsal moves the learner beyond mere memorization by encouraging students to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate knowledge through novel and challenging activities.” 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 70 Pneumonic Devices P.M.A.T Stages of Meiosis in Sequential Order Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase -Please Make Another Taco 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 71 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 72 Pneumonic Devices 5/24/2017 King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dr. Rick Woodward 73 Intuition A. Subconscious memory is often called intuition. 1. An area in the frontal lobe continuously scans everything around us subconsciously. 2. It compares previous experiences with the present. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 74 Creating an Original Thought A. Scientists can now measure the moment when you create an original thought. 1. Also known as the “aha” moment 2. A sudden burst in electrical activity in the brain. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 75 When are you most likely to have an original thought? A. Normally our brain is constantly being stimulated and bombarded by extraneous stimuli. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 76 When are you most likely to have an original thought? B. You are most likely to have an original thought when you are relaxed. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 77 Historical Original Thoughts A. Issac Newton: Relaxing in an orchard when he came up with theory of gravity. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 78 Historical Original Thoughts B. Galileo: Thought of a pendulum to measure time as he sat quietly in a church. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 79 Historical Original Thoughts C. Niels Bohr: Thought of the structure of the atom while he watched horses racing around a track. 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 80 Original Thoughts A. Where and when do you have your original thoughts? 5/24/2017 Dr. Rick Woodward 81 Conclusion 5/24/2017 Just by attending this class today, you have stimulated countless new pathways in your brain! You should begin studying for Exam III (Next Thursday) Last topic before Exam III (Endocrine System) Dr. Rick Woodward 82