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Skeletal System Wednesday, May 24, 2017 1 The Skeletal System Three Functions Support Protection Movement Wednesday, May 24, 2017 2 The Skeletal System II Hydrostatic Skeleton Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment Cnidarians Flatworms Earthworms Move by using muscles to change the shape of the fluid filled compartments Wednesday, May 24, 2017 3 Skeletal System III Exoskeletons Hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal Mollusks Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Snails Oysters Slugs Wednesday, May 24, 2017 4 Skeletal System IV Endoskeltons Consists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried within soft tissues of an animal. Humans Axial Skeleton Skull 8 cranial bones 14 facial bones Vertebral column (backbone) Rib cage 7 pairs of true ribs 3 pirs of false ribs 2 pairs of floating ribs Appendicular Skeleton Limb bones Pelvic girdles Wednesday, May 24, 2017 5 Wednesday, May 24, 2017 6 Muscular System Wednesday, May 24, 2017 7 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 8 Muscular System I Responsible for animal movement Three types of muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac Muscle Attached to bones and causes movement of the body Responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart Smooth Muscle Lines the walls of hollow organs Lines the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract Wednesday, May 24, 2017 9 Wednesday, May 24, 2017 10 Muscle System II Skeletal Muscle Thin filaments Contain globular protein actin arranged in a double helix Thick filaments Contain filamentous protein myosin Both are parallel and arranged side by side Contraction of muscle tissue Sliding-filament model Moves with the use of ATP ATP can come creatine phosphate Able to generate enough ATP to keep muscles contracted for about 15 seconds Wednesday, May 24, 2017 11 Wednesday, May 24, 2017 12 Nervous System Wednesday, May 24, 2017 13 Nervous System I Three Functions Sensory Input Integration Sensory Output Central Nervous System The brain and spinal cord (in vertebrates) Carries out the body’s responses to stimuli Peripheral Nervous System Communication of one neuron to another Wednesday, May 24, 2017 14 Nervous System Basics Nerves I Neurons Basic functional units of the human nervous system Three structures and functions Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Receives stimuli from environment Transmits impulses from skin and other sensory organs towards the CNS Ears; eyes; nose; tongue Wednesday, May 24, 2017 15 Nerves II Interneurons Interprets impulses brought by sensory neurons Submits “commands” to the motor neurons Leads back to effector organs Motor (Efferent) Neurons Transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors Target cells that produce some kind of response Muscles Glands Wednesday, May 24, 2017 16 Nerves III Neurons Cell that transmits nerve impulses Cell body Dendrite Axon Glia Cells Support and protect the neurons Wednesday, May 24, 2017 17 Wednesday, May 24, 2017 18 Wednesday, May 24, 2017 19 Central Nervous System I Brain Cerebrum Contains center for learned behavior Center for thought, memory and reasoning Cerebellum Controls balance & muscular activities Medulla Controls involuntary functions Heartbeat; breathing; blood pressure Wednesday, May 24, 2017 20 Central Nervous System II Spinal Cord Reflex Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus Most are spinal They only travel through the spinal cord and not the brain The Reflex Arc Pathway traveled by nerve impulses during a reflex Wednesday, May 24, 2017 21 Peripheral Nervous System I All nerves of all types that branch through the body from the CNS Consist of all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord Has two divisions Somatic Autonomic Wednesday, May 24, 2017 22 Peripheral Nervous System II Somatic Consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles Control actions at voluntary skeletal muscles Wednesday, May 24, 2017 23 Peripheral Nervous System III Autonomic Motor neurons that control the activities of Organs Glands Various involuntary muscles Cardiac and smooth muscle Two parts Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Wednesday, May 24, 2017 24 Autonomic Nervous System I Sympathetic Prepare the body for action Prepare body for situations requiring alertness or strength or situations that arouse fear anger, excitement or embarrassment (fight or flight) Responses that serve to fight of or retreat from danger Wednesday, May 24, 2017 25 Autonomic Nervous System II Parasympathetic Activates “calm” functions Stimulates the processes of digestion, urination and defecation Reduces blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates Conserves energy through relaxation and rest Wednesday, May 24, 2017 26 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 27 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 28 Diseases Excretion Kidney Failure Physical trauma; chemical imbalance; high blood pressure Gout Respiratory System Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Wednesday, May 24, 2017 29 Homework Assignment Distinguish the parts of the brain and their functions Wednesday, May 24, 2017 30