* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Applied Genetics
DNA paternity testing wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified food wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Daily Entry • 1. How do you feel about humans being genetically modified to be smart? Athletic? Pretty? • 2. What would be pro and cons of this technique? Reminders • • • • • • Study Island #11 due Wednesday Quiz Friday Learning logs due Friday EOC Parent Night May 14th Saturday Review Session June 1 Extra Credit due May 31 Applied Genetics What is Genetic Engineering? • Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism’s genes to create a desired characteristic. Selective Breeding • Choose most desired traits • Takes several generations Test Cross • Crossing an unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype Genetic Engineering • Also known as recombinant DNA • Increasing the frequency of an allele • Cut (cleave) DNA from an organism into fragments and insert into another organism Designer Babies?? Recombinant DNA • The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. • Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. Recombinant Bacteria 1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). 2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”. 3. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”. 4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. 5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. 6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria. Isolation of DNA • Restriction enzymes – bacterial proteins that can cut both strand of DNA at a specific sequence – Blunt ends – Sticky ends *Vector means in which DNA is carried into the host cell can be a virus or plasmid Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria 1. Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. 2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills. 1. Transgenic Organisms • Contain foreign DNA due to recombinant DNA engineering • How? –1. Isolate the foreign DNA fragment –2. Attach the fragment to a carrier –3. Transfer into the host Transgenic Organisms PLANTS 1. disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified. Transgenic Tobacco Produce hGH Insulin from Recombinant DNA Golden Rice • Genes from daffodils and bacteria • Produce beta carotene Factor VIII Clotting factor for hemophiliacs Without the use of blood donors Transgenic Goat Human DNA in a Goat Cell . This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk. Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1. Mice – used to study human immune system 2. Chickens – more resistant to infections 3. Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat 4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk and meats Marmocets How to Create a Transgenic Animal Desired DNA is added to an egg cell. 2.Cloning • Genetically identical copies • Most famous animal cloned: Dolly • Benefits: could clone productive, healthy animals • Why is this a positive? DEFINITIONS • CLONE – A cell, group of cells, or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to a single ancestor. • CLONING –To make multiple identical copies of a DNA sequence. USEFULNESS • Cloning can be used to test for genetic diseases • Regenerate nerves or spinal cord tissue • Help in plastic surgery • Clone organs for transplantation • Grow skin grafts for burn victims • Manufacture bone, fat, and cartilage Cloning Defined • What is cloning? • Asexual reproduction-mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only • Examples: • Bacteria, fungus • Plants – cutting – potato • Farm animals Asexual Reproduction The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals Cloning Dolly 1997 - 2003 (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/) Cloning A Sheep (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/) 3.Human Genome Project • Map and sequence all of the genes on your 46 chromosomes • Linkage map – relative locations of genes on chromosomes Applications of the Project • Prenatal diagnosis of human disorders • Gene therapy – inserting normal genes into human cells to correct disorders • Crime detection 4.DNA Fingerprinting • Uses: convict or acquit criminals, paternity test, and identifying and cataloging species • No two individuals have the same DNA sequence except identical twins • Steps: –1. DNA sample –2. Cut into fragments by enzymes….What kind?? –3. Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis by size –4. Compare samples