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DNA STRUCTURE What are the Parts and Shape of DNA? What is the Structure of DNA? • Backbone? • Rungs of DNA? • Purines? • Pyrimidines? BONDING RULES?? History • Began with F. Griffith trying to figure out how certain types of bacteria cause pneumonia. Griffith and Transformation • For grins and giggles, Griffith mixed heat-killed, disease causing bacteria with live, harmless ones and injected the mice. • What do you think happened? • Yep, the mice died. • Hypothesized that somehow there was a factor passed from bad to good. Hershey Chase Wanted to determine what part of a virus caused infection in host… Concluded the genetic material that caused infection was the DNA not the protein coat. DNA Structure • 1950’s R. Franklin used x-ray diffraction to show there were two twisted strands to a DNA molecule. Watson and Crick • Used Franklin’s work to complete DNA structure of a DOUBLE HELIX. DNA Replication DNA makes an exact copy of itself when a CELL DIVIDES Cell division: parent cell divides into 2 or more daughter cells Cell division in eukaryotic cells MITOSIS DNA Replication The most important concern with cell division is the maintenance of the cell’s GENETIC information. Before a CELL can divide, genetic information in chromosomes must be replicated (i.e. DNA replication) How The Heck? • Enzyme (DNA helicase) breaks nucleotides (strands separate) • Another enzyme (DNA Polymerase) attach free floating nucleotides to the open parts of the DNA strand • Base pairs bond (rungs) • Sugars and phosphates bond (backbone) Definitions • Enzyme: proteins that catalyzes (increases RATE (or speed) of a chemical reaction) • DNA Helicase: an ENZYME that unzips the parent DNA strand (breaks H bonds between bases) More Definitions • Polymerase: ENZYME whose function deals with the polymers (large molecule of repeating structures connected by COVALENT (strong) bonds) of DNA and RNA) • DNA Polymerase: adds complementary nucleotides only to the 3’ end of the newly-formed strand DNA Polymerase- 2 jobs “Glue” that joins nucleotides together “Proofreads” each new DNA strand Complementary Process • Each new strand has the information to reconstruct the other half through base pairing. Making the Complementary Strand Where are the Complementary Strands?http://www.johnkyrk. com/DNAreplication.html Semi-conservative Process • Each double helix strand serves as a TEMPLATE for a new strand. • Sites where replication and separation occur are called REPLICATION FORKS. • DNA HELICASE unzips the molecule • DNA POLYMERASE proofreads new copies for errors. 5’ & 3’… HUH? Direction of DNA • LEADING strand refers to the strand is being copied in the direction that the double helix unwinds • LAGGING stand refers to the strand being copied in the opposite direction (away from the unwinding parts) Okazaki Fragments • Short DNA fragments that are created by the LAGGING strand being copied DNA Replication Steps 1. Begins at ORIGIN of replication 2. DNA Helicase unzips parent DNA strand 3. DNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to 3’ end of leading strand (in the 5’ 3’ direction) (continuous) 4. The opposite happens for the lagging strand, 5’ 3’ direction (discontinuous “backstitching”) More Terms • Gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein & determines a trait • Chromosome: threadlike structure in nucleus that contains genetic info • Centromere: region on chromosome where sister chromatids attached • Telomere: repetitive DNA at end of chromosome • Chromatid: one of the 2 identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome Chromosome & Parts