* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Genetics
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Genetics Vicky “Bio-lover” Atzl Farah “Bird-hater” Momen Meiosis a. Meiosis 1 separates homologous pairs (known as reduction division) crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 resulting in genetic variation (not in mitosis) b. Meiosis 2 separates homologous pairs into sister chromatids: produces 4 haploid gametes (meiosis 2 resembles mitosis) Alleles a. dominant vs. recessive b. homozygous vs. heterozygous Dominant allele is expressed over recessive Homozygous has two of the same allele (AA or aa); heterozygous has two different alleles (Aa) and therefore has dominant phenotype c. phenotype vs. genotype Phenotype is the physical appearance of an expressed allele; genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism Non-Mendelian inheritance a. incomplete dominance (pink flower color) When a heterozygote’s two alleles blend b. co-dominance (blood type) When a heterozygote’s two alleles are expressed equally. c. sex linked (mainly X-linked: color blindness, hemophilia) epistasis (coat color) presence of certain alleles on one locus mask the expression of alleles on another locus and express their own phenotype instead. pleiotropy (dwarfism, giantism) one allele affects various phenotypes in an organism. polygenic (skin color) multiple alleles are required for the expression of a characteristic Chi-square analysis a. used to determine if observed results are significantly different from expected results b. know how to use formula when given & how to interpret results • degrees freedom (1 less than number of classes of results) • if x^2 less than p=.05, then difference can be due to random chance and hypothesis accepted DNA & RNA a. DNA: ACTG nitrogen based nucleotides in double helix formation • A pairs with T, C pairs with G b. RNA: ACUG nitrogen based nucleotides in single helix formation Central Dogma DNA is transcribed into RNA; that is further translated into proteins that code for traits. Transcription: RNA polymerase copies template strand and makes mRNA Translation: ribosomes in cytoplasm match tRNA codons to mRNA codons; amino acids carried to P site of ribosome and forms polypeptide chain. Chain ends at one of stop codons. Gene regulation Operons Inducible: lac operon I DIDN’T FINISH! Mendelian inheritance a. monohybrid crosses • Aa x Aa = 3:1 ratio • Law of Segregation