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Transcript
4.2 Probability and Heredity The principles of probability predict the results of a particular event. Probability is a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. The Laws of Probability predict what is likely to occur, not necessarily what will occur. Independence of events – each event occurs independently of others. Probability and Genetics Mendel was the first scientist to recognize that the principles of probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses. Punnett Squares o Tools used to help understand how the laws of probability apply to genetics o Chart that shows all of the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross o Determines probability of a particular outcome o In a genetic cross, the allele that each parent will pass on to is offspring is based on probability Phenotype: physical appearance or visible traits Genotype: genetic make-up or allele combination Homozygous: 2 identical alleles Heterozygous: 2 different alleles (hybrid) Codominance: alleles are neither dominant nor recessive and both are expressed.