* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA Technology
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
DNA Technology 1 Genetic Engineering • Using technology to manipulate the DNA of one organism by inserting DNA of another organism • Used for studying a particular gene, disease, or trait 2 Recombinant DNA • Combining fragments of DNA from one source with fragments of DNA from another source • Usually involve the use of bacteria cells as the host – Plasmids – small, circular pieces of DNA in bacteria 3 Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments 4 Restriction Enzymes • The cut can be made straight across a base-pair sequence resulting - "Blunt End“ • The cut can be made in an offset manner leaving exposed nucleotide sequences. These exposed sequences are called "Sticky Ends" Blunt End Sticky end 5 Recombinant DNA Process 1. Cut plasmid and DNA fragment from organism of choice with the same restriction enzyme 2. Join plasmid with DNA fragment using the enzyme DNA ligase (recombination) 3. Insert transformed plasmid back into bacteria cell 6 Recombinant DNA Process 4. Bacteria molecules containing recombinant DNA grow making many copies of identical bacteria (cloning) 5. Isolate the gene copied in the bacteria 7 8 9 Electrophoresis • DNA can be separated based on size and charge • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through 10 Electrophoresis • Negative DNA moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster 11 Electrophoresis 12 DNA Fingerprinting *Structural genes are often separated by large regions of repeating base pairs (junk DNA) *The number of these repeats is unique to an individual. *When DNA from a person is cut with a restriction enzyme, the length of the fragments will be unique to an individual. 13 DNA Fingerprinting Contd… *This will produce a unique banding pattern when run on gel electrophoresis. *This test is highly accurate, and the probability of another individual possessing an identical banding pattern is estimated as around 1:14,000,000,000. 14 DNA Fingerprinting 15 Copying DNA • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Also called PCR • A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 16 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 17 Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis) 18 Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo 19 Cloning “Dolly” 20 21 Stem Cells • A human embryo up to 14 days is a ball of undifferentiated cells called stem cells • They have the potential to develop into various types of cells 22 Stem Cells • As an adult, you have some stem cells (bone marrow), but they can only develop into certain types of tissue • Embryonic stem cells have the potential to help people with disabling diseases that affect tissues 23 Human Genome Project 24 Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Mapping every gene location (loci) • Conducted by scientists around the world 25 HGP Insights • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide • About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes) 26 Benefits of Human Genome Project • Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … • Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. • Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing … 27 Benefits of Genetic Engineering 28 Biotechnology • The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals 29 Biotechnology Provides: • Improved food products • Medical advances • An enhanced environment 30 Herbicide Resistant Crops + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready • • • • Soybeans: Corn: Cotton: Canola: Roundup Ready Roundup Ready, Liberty Link BXN, Roundup Ready Liberty Link, Roundup Ready 31 Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Insulin (1982) – First commercial biotech product – Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin • Rice – Enriched with beta-carotene and iron • Bananas – Containing edible hepatitis vaccine 32 Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Potatoes with higher solid content • Garlic that lowers cholesterol • Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease 33 Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide use • Lower energy requirements • Cleaner water • Less soil erosion 34 35