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DNA, Genes & Genomes DNA Recap: All life forms rely on nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) for passing on their genetic information. DNA is a complex polymer of repeating nucleotides Each nucleotide = Deoxyribose Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogenous Base. Structure & coding: The bases are paired across the double helix of DNA. It is the order of these base pairs that makes up the genetic code. DNA, Genes & Genomes A gene is a section of DNA coding for one protein. Its place on a chromosome is called its gene locus. All of the genes a species has is called its genome. Haploid or Diploid? Haploid organisms have single copies of each gene. Diploid organisms have duplicate copies of each gene. Prokaryotes are haploid; they reproduce asexually. Eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but haploid gametes, for sexual reproduction. Prokaryotic Genomes -Single Chromosome - Loop of DNA - Limited genome - Still, E. coli has 4.6 Million base pairs with almost 5000 genes! Prokaryotic Genomes How to fit all of those genes into a single DNA loop? Overlap them: One gene starts before the ending of the previous one. Prokaryotic Genomes Prokaryotic Genomes How to deal with the ‘sameness’ of being haploid & asexual? Absorb as much foreign DNA as you can: Plasmids confer new traits to a prokaryote, & come from various sources. Prokaryotic Genomes Conjugation helps spread plasmids. This is as close to sexual reproduction bacteria will come: Like sexual reproduction, it introduces variety into a genome. Eukaryotic Genomes -Significantly larger - Human Genome = 3 Billion base pairs, with only 20 – 25 thousand genes. - All of this fits on 23 chromosomes - Diploid number: Eukaryotic Genomes Largest Human Chromosome: Chromosome #1, with 250 Million base pairs! Smallest Human Chromosome: Chromosome #23, Y with 50 Million b.p. Eukaryotic Genomes How to pack all of those genes into as few chromosomes as possible? Smart packing: DNA wraps around histone proteins, like thread around a spool. This is called a nucleosome Eukaryotic Genomes Supercoiling compacts the DNA more: Tension builds, & nucleosomes twist together more tightly, compactly. * Eukaryotic Genomes You’ve seen supercoiling before: Genomes are like libraries All of the information needed to form an organism & keep it alive are in its genome: Bacteriophage Phi (virus) has only 10 genes. Your mitochondria have 37! Chlamydia has 936, Plague has 4000. A fruit fly has 14000, your dog Genome Complexity General Rule: Prokaryotes have fewer genes than Eukaryotes. The number of genes a Eukaryote has does reflect its complexity, but not in any sense of being ‘better’. It just ‘is’.