* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 9/11
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in learning and memory wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
DNA Structure and Function •Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20 •Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25 How is information transferred between cells? Fig 7.2 Different strains of bacteria are injected into mice. How is information transferred between cells? Fig 7.2 How is information transferred between cells? Fig 7.2 How is information transferred between cells? Fig 7.2 Fig 7.2 What has happened to the bacteria? • DNA is the transforming agent Fig 7.3 The Structure of DNA If these two can win a Nobel prize… James Watson and Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin Data showing uniformity of DNA structure. Fig 7.5+8.2 Nucleotides have a sugar backbone Fig 7.5 +8.2 This subtle difference in structure has profound effects. Fig 7.5+8.2 Plus four different bases Together with a phosphate = nucleotide Fig 7.5 Fig 7.5 Together with a phosphate = nucleotide Fig 7.8 Connect nucleotides by covalent bond = strand Fig 7.8 DNA is typically double stranded The strands are connected by hydrogen bonds Rosalind Franklin Data showing uniformity of DNA structure. • Base pairing in DNA Figure 7-10 Fig 7.8 • Two representations of the DNA double helix Figure 7-9 Fig 7.9 Fig 8.11 DNA stores information, but does not do anything. The information must be expressed to be useful. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA DNA Composition: In humans: •Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. •This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. •~97% does not directly code for amino acids •In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time. Length of human DNA in each cell Width of DNA DNA Composition: In humans: •Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. •This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. •~3% directly codes for amino acids •~10% is genes •In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA Five Perspectives of a Gene Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information. Genes act as units of heredity… storing and passing on information. Genes are seen as a cause of disease Genes are seen as a cause of disease Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide Fig 6.5 change in the hemoglobin gene Fig 8.11 Genes code for proteins Genes code for proteins… Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. They act as: •Enzymes •Structural Support •Transporters •Signals Genes act as switches, controlling development Genes act as switches, controlling development Genes are replicators (selfish gene) From “Biology 7th ed.” by Campbell et al fig 19.14 Fig 5.25 Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus. Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes Five Perspectives of Genes: 1. Genes act as units of heredity 2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease 3. Genes code for proteins 4. Genes act as switches, controlling development 5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene) Transposons Genes are replicators (selfish gene) Transposons: mobile DNA Barbara McClintock, discoverer of transposons Transposons are self-moving DNA Fig 14.8 Fig 14.8 Transposons move within genomes via the action of transposase Fig 14.4 transposase transposon Fig 14.4 Fig 14.4 Fig 14.4 Fig 14.4 Genes are replicators (selfish gene) From “Biology 7th ed.” by Campbell et al fig 19.14 Genes are replicators (selfish gene) Transposons: mobile DNA Five Perceptions of Genes: 1. Genes act as units of heredity 2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease 3. Genes code for proteins 4. Genes act as switches, controlling development 5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene) We did NOT cover this in class. I left it in if you are interested in learning more about it. This article in Nature has some good info: The RNA World pg 312 Fig 7.5 +8.2 This subtle difference in structure has profound effects. Fig 7.8 Connect nucleotides by covalent bond = strand (notice 5’-3’ bond) Fig 8.11 DNA stores information, but does not do anything. The information must be expressed to be useful. Fig 8.11 Where did this system come from? Was RNA the first biological molecule? The RNA World pg 312 Living organisms must fit all of the following criteria: (modified from Campbell “Biology”) 1. They must have organization. 2. They must have metabolism. 3. They must respond to the environment. 4. They must be able to reproduce themselves. Fig 8.2 U* RNA structure A G C RNA can form base pairs within single stranded molecule Fig 8.10+9.12 RNA can form complex 3-D structures Ribosomes (rRNA) have enzymatic activity: Enzymatic RNA=ribozyme Fig 9.12 Some RNA molecules have catalytic activities pg 223 Living organisms must fit all of the following criteria: (modified from Campbell “Biology”) 1. They must have organization. 2. They must have metabolism. 3. They must respond to the environment. 4. They must be able to reproduce themselves. RNA can (theoretically) be replicated using complementary bases Experimental determination of RNA’s ability to self-ligate… A step towards selfreplication from Freeman’s “Biological Science” (2002) chapter 3 Q: Can RNA selfligate? Hypos: Yes. No. from Freeman’s “Biological Science” (2002) chapter 3 Column Chromatography RNA’s added in aqueous solution Some, with tag, bind to column Without tag, flow thru Overall RNA self-ligation improves by selection Theoretical evolution of self-replicating RNA Hypothetical Origin of Life pg 214