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Chromosomal Landscapes Refer to Figure 1-7 from Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 2012. Human Chromosomal Landscapes Refer to Figure 1-8 from Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 2012. Molecular Basis for Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype genotype DNA transcription DNA sequence replication RNA translation protein function phenotype organism amino acid sequence Replication Replicationof ofDNA DNAisis semiconservative. semiconservative. Each Eachstrand strandserves serves as asaatemplate. template. The Thetwo twostrands strands separate separatefrom fromeach each other otherwhen when hydrogen hydrogenbonds bonds are arebroken. broken. Refer to Figure 7-11 from Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 2012. New Newstrands strandsare are synthesized synthesizedby bythe the addition additionof ofnucleotides nucleotides with withbases bases complementary complementaryto to those thoseof ofthe thetemplate. template. DNA DNAreplication replicationisis discontinuous. discontinuous. Two Twoidentical identicaldouble double helices helicesresult. result. Refer to Figure 7-12 from Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 2012. DNA polymerization requires DNA polymerase. Refer to Figure 7-15 from Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 2012. DNA Polymerases At least 5 DNA polymerases are known in E. coli . DNA polymerase I (pol I): • • • adds nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction removes mismatched based in 3’ to 5’ direction degrades double-stranded DNA in 5’ to 3’ direction DNA polymerase II (pol II): • repairs interstrand cross-links DNA polymerase III (pol III): • catalyzes DNA synthesis at replication fork in 5’ to 3’ direction and only adds nucleotides at 3’ end of growing strand Overview of DNA Synthesis DNA polymerases synthesize new strands in 5’ to 3’ direction. Primase makes RNA primer. Lagging strand DNA consists of Okazaki fragments. In E. coli, pol I fills in gaps in the lagging strand and removes RNA primer. Fragments are joined by DNA ligase.