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Take out your HW: Transcription wkst Homework due tomorrow: Protein Synthesis wkst Somewhere on a sheet of scratch paper or in your notes, TRANSCRIBE the following DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC AGT CCA GCG ATA ATT AUG UCA GGU CGC UAU UAA TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION: From Chapter 11, Section 2 DNA to Protein Think back to the information contained in your homework assignment: 1. What is produced when the process of transcription is complete? 2. What are 2 differences that were listed/shown between DNA and RNA? Genes & Proteins • What is the function of a gene? – codes for traits, inherited from parents • Genes code for specific proteins – Proteins make up muscles, hair, tissues, enzymes, & pigments • Protein Synthesis = reading the DNA, forming RNA, using RNA to make the protein (DNA RNA Protein) – Occurs through the processes of transcription and translation RNA • RNA is a nucleic acid (like DNA) • Differs in structure from DNA: DNA RNA Number of Strands 2 1 Nucleotide Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Nitrogenous Base Pairs Thymine(T), Adenine(A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) Uracil (U), Adenine(A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) Focusing on RNA • There are 3 different types of RNA that you will need to know: – mRNA – rRNA – tRNA Types of RNA • 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Carries genetic “message” from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytosol – “Read” by ribosomes to make proteins – Contain codons • 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Part of the structure of ribosomes – Ribosome = protein and rRNA • 3. Transfer RNA • Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protein Transcription: Getting the message out of the nucleus • Transcription = enzymes make RNA by copying a portion of DNA in the nucleus • If a DNA sequence is AATCCGGA, what is the complimentary RNA sequence? • UUAGGCCU • The mRNA that gets sequenced is sent out of the nucleus to help make protein Genetic Code • Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases codes for a specific Amino Acid that is connected to other amino acids to make a Protein • Codon = the nitrogenous bases of 3 adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that code for – Start Signal (starts the protein making process) – 1 of 20 different amino acids (parts of a protein) – Stop Signal (stops the protein making process) • Codons are like 3-letter words – Words contain meaning to us: CAT = – Codons contain meaning in the form of an amino acid CAU = Histidine •An amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon •20 amino acids combine in different combinations to make various proteins Translation: Going from the language of bases (AUGC) to proteins • Translation = using the mRNA to make protein, reading the codons – Takes place at the ribosomes • The mRNA is “read” in between the 2 sub-units of the ribosome • tRNA carries the amino acid coded for by the mRNA codons and has an anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon – Codon (mRNA) and anticodon (tRNA) follow RNA base-pairing rules • Amino acids form peptide bonds between each other to create a long chain of amino acids Transcription Amino acids to protein • Amino acid chains start to fold creating 3dimensional structures • Several of these 3D structures combine to form a functional protein • These proteins then carry out cellular functions