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Dioxyribose Nucleic Acid Chapter 8 – Lesson 2 What is DNA? • DNA is made of nucleic acids. DNA contains information that an organism needs to grow and function. DNA makes you who you are. • DNA stands for dioxyribose nucleic acid. Discoverers of DNA • James Watson and Francis Crick made an accurate model of DNA in 1953. • Rosalind Franklin discovered even more about DNA, but she died before she could become famous . DNA Structure • The structure of DNA is similar to a twisted ladder. Sugar Phosphate – The sides of the ladder are made up of sugar-phosphate molecules. – The rungs of the ladder are made up of nitrogen bases. Nitrogen Bases Nitrogen Bases • • • • Adenine – (A) Guanine – (G) Thymine – (T) Cytosine – (C) • A always pairs with T • G always pairs with C NITROGENOUS BASES A = Adenine T = Thymine G = Guanine C = Cytosine Genes • Genes are sections of DNA on a chromosome. • Everyone has different patterns of A, T, C, G. These different patters allow for different genes. Or, a different genetic code. Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 Examples A-T T-A G-C G-C C-G A-T A-T G-C G-C C-G A-T T-A G-C C-G C-G different genes = different traits! Genes • Did you know: - The majority of our DNA is considered “junk” - 98% of our genetic code is the same as apes - 50% of our genetic code is the same as a pig DNA Replication • Before a cell divides (MITOSIS!), its DNA duplicates itself by unwinding and separating its sides, then forming new sides. RNA • Think of DNA as a zipper. When it’s zipped up, you have plain DNA. When it’s unzipped, you have something known as RNA! C G T A C T C G A A G G C A U T G A G C U T U T C RNA • In RNA, T (thymine) get replaced with U (uracil) RNA • RNA carries the amino acid codes for making proteins. AMINO ACIDS PROTEINS What are amino acids? The building blocks of proteins. Think legos… Amino Acids – All amino acids have their own “three” digit code using nitrogen bases. – Amino acids make proteins in your body. • There are only 20 amino acids. U A G C U A G C U MRNA – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the amino acid code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. – When the ribosomes get the code, they can start making proteins. nucleus to… ribosome C U A A U G C U U A G C G A U C G A Mutations • Mutations are any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a cell’s gene or chromosome. (DNA is deleted, inverted or replaced) – Can be caused by outside factors like x-rays, sunlight, and some chemicals. – A change in a gene or chromosome can change the traits of an organism. Mutations • Mutations can be bad, but they are also responsible for diversity! • Example: Giraffe Necks