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Download 11.1 Intro Evo and Mutations
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Mutations November 1+1, 2009 Objectives: By the end of today, you will be able to define a mutation and explain how they contribute to variation. Catalyst: When you hear the word mutation, what do you think of? Write at least three complete sentences. Agenda Catalyst Review Mutations Variations Independent Practice Exit Question Alright: New Unit!!! Evolution We are beginning a two-week unit about evolution. We are going to learn some things such as: Why do some people have lighter skin and other have darker skin? Why would a cuckoo bird lay her eggs in another birds’ nest? Why did white moths become less common and gray moths become more common near a factory? The answer can all be found in evolution! Introduction/Bridge Evolution is DIRECTLY related to genetics. The traits of all living things are found in their DNA/chromosomes. Why are there differences between people? Why are there any differences among the individuals of any living thing? Mutations Key Point #1 A mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA. They can be good, bad, or not matter at all. Example: The gene for making insulin (a protein that regulates your blood sugar), could have the DNA sequence of GTA-CGT-ACC-GTA-ACT… Figure it out yourself! (10 mins) You need your codon tables from the genetics unit First, circle the difference in each mutation from the original After you finish, answer the question… Which mutation would cause the biggest change? Why does that matter? Your DNA has instructions to make the proteins!!!! Changes in your DNA are copied into your RNA. That faulty RNA is used to pick the amino acids in your protein. What could possibly happen if you have the wrong amino acids???? DNA RNA Protein Correct Protein 1 Original correct DNA sequence: GTA-CGT-ACC-GTA-ACT Makes mRNA: CAU-GCA-UGG-CAU-UGA Make amino acid sequence: Histidine-Alanine-Tryptophan-Histidine-STOP This makes the protein which can reliably allow your body cells to take in more sugar or release sugar in order to maintain a good blood sugar level. Messed Up Protein 1 Mutated DNA sequence 1: (switching one base) C-ACT CAU-GCA-UGG-CAG-UGA RNA! GTA-CGT-ACC-GT Makes amino acid sequence: Histidine-Alanine-TryptophanGlutamine-STOP Messed Up Protein 2 Another mutated DNA sequence: (switching one base that makes a STOP codon) T-GTC-ACT CAU-GCA-UGA-CAG-UGA GTA-CGT-AC Makes amino acid sequence: Histidine-Alanine-STOP Messed Up Protein 3 Even more mutated DNA sequence: (insertions) ACGTAACT GTACGTAC GTA-CGT-ACA-CGT-AAC-T CAU-GCA-UGU-GCA-UUG-A Makes RNA! amino acid sequence: Histidine-Alanine-Cysteine-AlanineLeucine Mutations Key Point #2 Mutations occur randomly in the DNA of living organisms and this causes variation. They cause traits to be slightly different from each other. Variation is the differences among individual phenotypes. Example: Eye color in humans. More Variation Examples Quickness in gazelles. Leaf Size for a tea plant It’s all about the babies Key Point #3 Mutations can either increase fitness, decrease fitness, or not change fitness Fitness: ability of an organism to pass What do you think fitness means? its genes on to the next generation. Amount of muscles? NO! Heart NO! How rate? many kids you have? YESSSS!!!!! Practice! There is a mutation that causes fur color in bears to become white. When would this increase fitness and why? In snowy areas, this would increase fitness because these bears would be able to hide easier. They could catch more prey, live longer, and reproduce more. When would this decrease fitness and why? In darker areas (such as the forest), this would decrease fitness because these bears would stand out. They would not be able to live as long and then they would reproduce less. When would this not change fitness? If the bear was in an area where it did not need to hide, it may not change fitness. This would change how much they reproduce. Practice There is a mutation that causes rabbits to have longer ears. When would this increase fitness? When would this decrease fitness? When would this not change fitness? Practice There is a mutation that causes trees to grow shorter. When would this increase fitness? When would this decrease fitness? When would this not change fitness? Exit Question What is a mutation? How do mutations contribute to variation?