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What is second law of thermodynamics? (you know the answer, whether you know it or not) “All matter tends toward lowest energy and highest disorder” Q. What is life? A. Information which uses captures energy to battle the second law of thermodynamics Order (Polymers) Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein Figure 1.5x DNA Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain DNA RNA Protein The information storehouse Information Transfer tools Working Cellular Machinery Figure 17.3 The triplet code DNA Figure 19.x1a Chromatin Figure 19.x1b Chromatin, detail Thinking about the human genome 3.2X109 bp If each base were one mm long… 2000 miles, across the center of Africa DNA Replication (DNA -> DNA) Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA Figure 16.12 The two strands of DNA are antiparallel 3D Model Figure 16.11 Incorporation of a nucleotide into a DNA strand DNA Replication Animation Thinking about the human genome 3.2X109 bp If each base were one mm long… 2000 miles, across the center of Africa Average gene about 30 meters long Occur about every 270 meters between them Once spliced the message would only be ~1meter long Only 1.5% actually codes for protein About 10% falls in exons 50% is high copy number repeats RNA Transcription (DNA -> RNA) Transcription Animation Figure 17.9 RNA processing: RNA splicing Figure 17.11 Correspondence between exons and protein domains Figure 17.3 The triplet code Translation (RNA -> Protein) Figure 17.22 Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria Table 17.1 Types of RNA in a Eukaryotic Cell 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)- carries information to be translated into amino acid sequences to the ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- the working “spine” of the ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA)- the “decoder keys” that will translate nucleic acids to amino acids. Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code Figure 17.0 Ribosome Figure 17.13b The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) Figure 17.14 An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA Translation Animation Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell Figure 18.7x1 HIV infection CD4 Gene Structure in the Human Genome Figure 19.9 A model for enhancer action 2003 saw 5 million new HIV cases 3 million deaths from HIV Asia, Latin America Figure 18.7x2 Couple at AIDS quilt