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How are proteins made in our cells? Protein synthesis (Part II) “RNA is a Copy Cat” Flowchart of Transcription 1. 2. 3. 4. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA strands. DNA strands separate. RNA polymerase copies one strand of DNA and creates a template. AN RNA strand is created from the DNA template. • See figure 12-14 • Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) “DNA code is decoded” Flowchart of Translation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Recall, a RNA strand was created in the nucleus. This code must send the message to the ribosome mRNA. mRNA is released into the cytoplasm. mRNA attaches to a ribosome. rRNA Codons will move through the ribosome by tRNA. Codons on mRNA will attach to anticodon on tRNA molecule. After this occurs, the amino acid on (top) tRNA will “pop” off (bottom) tRNA. Like an assemble line, amino acids will assemble onto each other and create a polypeptide (or a protein). • See figure 12-18 • Find the amino acid for the following anticodons: CCC, GGG, AAU, ACC What is a Mutation? • A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles X-Men The Hulk Spiderman Is there a mutation? • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorde rs/mutations/ Figure 12–20 Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4 Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Chapter 12 (Protein Synthesis, Mutations) Review • What are 2 processes in protein synthesis? • What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA? What are 3 types of RNA? • What is transcription? What are the steps in this process? • What is translation? What are the steps in this process? • Protein is made up of smaller building blocks called ______ ______. • What is the mRNA sequence for the following DNA code: ATTTGCGCGCATG • What is chromosomal mutation? How can this affect an organism’s phenotype? • What are codons and anticodons?