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Download Genetic Information DNA - Barnegat Township School District
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Making of Proteins: Transcription and Translation The Flow of Information in All Living Things replication DNA transcription RNA translation Proteins do all the work: structure regulation enzymes signaling communication transport RNA – Ribonucleic Acid • • • • RNA – another type of nucleic acid Very similar to DNA, but not exactly the same Only one chain of nucleotides – one strand Made of nucleotides that have A, C, G and U as nitrogenous bases • U replaces T • C pairs with G, A with U • Carries the coded message of DNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes (cytoplasm) – where this message is used to make proteins Three major types of RNA • mRNA – messenger RNA – carries DNA's message to ribosomes • tRNA – transfer RNA – brings amino acids to the ribosome (recall: Amino acids bind together to make proteins) • rRNA – ribosomal RNA – is part of the ribosomes Transcription – from DNA to RNA • The genetic information of DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA – mRNA – will carry it into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes • Highly regulated – if the cell wants a lot of protein X, gene X will make lots of mRNA; if the cell does not need protein X, gene X will not make mRNA Steps of Transcription Note: instead of a T we insert an U C A U U G RNA G T A A C G G T C 1. Unzip DNA in a specific region – in front of gene X 2. Start adding nucleotides at the proper place – start point 3. Stop adding nucleotides – termination A DNA An enzyme called RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at a specific location - Initiation site and after unzipping the DNA in that region starts adding nucleotides until it reaches a specific DNA region – termination site. It falls off DNA and releases the mRNA molecule. RNA is edited before it is used • Introns- portions cut out and discarded • Exons- portions used to make the final mRNA (Expressed) Translation • The language of Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acids) • The sequence (order) of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA • mRNA is written in a 4 letter alphabet – A, U, C and G • Proteins are written in a 20-letter alphabet – there are 20 different amino acids • A gene (DNA) carries the directions to make a protein (polypeptide) • Codon-3 base triplet on mRNA that codes for an amino acid (20 different) The Codons – a Code 3 letter words translated into a 1 symbol English Japanese MAN EYE Are there more or less Japanese symbols than English letters? The Codons – a Code 3 letter words translated into a 1 symbol RNA Protein AUG a 3 letter combination = codon amino acid called Methionine The Codon Table Special Codons • AUG- start codon- methionine • UAA • UAG Stop codons • UGA Translation • The mRNA Code is deciphered – the codons are turned into amino acids • Amino acids are brought in a specific order according to what is written in the mRNA • Amino acids are bound together to make a protein • tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome • tRNA recognize the codons – different tRNA for each amino acid – recognizing different codons One end of the tRNA will recognize and base-pair with the codon on the mRNA The other end of the tRNA carries the amino acid