Download Respiration

Respiration
A Dr.
Production
Energy Concepts
• Thermodynamics & Reaction Rates
• RESPIRATION  a process where organic (food)
molecules are oxidized & broken down to release E
• Glycolysis is the 1o source of e- for the citric acid and etransport chain
• CH2O + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy
• Has both an anaerobic phase and an aerobic phase
• Associated with Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells
• Respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in
several places in the mitochondria. So it is
important that you know the anatomy of the
mitochondria
Glyco lysis, or "splitting of sugar"
occurs in the cytosol
Glucose is very stable, and must be converted to reactive
compound by phosphorylation
Glucose (6C)
2ATP
2ADP + 2P
PGAL (3C)
NAD+
NADH
PGAL (3C)
NAD+
NADH
2ADP + 2P
2ATP
2ADP + 2P
2ATP
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Redox Reactions
• How NAD+ Works
Glycolysis
• net gain +2ATP, 2% total E in 1 molecule
glucose, only 7% of E released
• 2ADP  2ATP
• 2NAD+ 
2NADH + 2H+
• 1 Glucose  2Pyruvate
Pyruvic Acid vs Pyruvate

Draw pyruvate
Conversion of Pyruvate
• Conversion of Pyruvate occurs in the mitochondrial
membrane
 Identify the components
of Acetyl CoA
TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
• Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix
• each molecule acetyl Co-A yields the
following from one molecule of glucose:
3NADH+ + H +
1FADH2
1ATP
2CO2
Or, for a more detailed look…
The Electron Transport Chain
E- Transport Chain occurs
across
the
inner
mitochondrial membrane and in the inter-membrane
space
It uses O2 to transfer e- from 10NADH + H+ and
2FADH2
It separates H into e- and H+, carries e- away from H+
gradient
Which
side is
more
basic than
the other?
More
acidic?
More
alkaline?
ATPase attached to H + channels and uses kinetic E
of H+ to join ADP + P this is called
"chemiosmotic ATP synthesis"
each NADH+ + H + produces 3ATP = 30 ATP
each FADH2 produces 2ATP
= 4 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle = 2 ATP
ATP Synthetase The Movie
Electron Transporters
Got O2?
• In the absence
of O2…
• Fermentation
occurs…
Pyruvate (3C)
Pyruvate (3C)
CO2
Acetaldehyde (2C)
NADH + H+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NAD+
Ethanol
Glycogen in the liver is a
reserve of glucose.
When blood sugar levels drop
below 4 to 5 mM glycogen
phosphorylase is activated
Lactic Acid
Liver
Glucose
• Fermentation generates 0ATP, so what is it’s
usefulness?
• How did the first anaerobic heterotrophs make
E?
• NAD+ is needed for glycolysis
• Pyruvic acid generates NADH from NAD+,
fermentation regenerates NAD+
• Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic
respiration? What is the evolutionary
significance of this?
Alternative Energy Sources for Muscles
• Hydrolysis of
Sucrose in
Intestines
• Fatty Acid
Metabolism
RESPIRATION
PROTEINS
CYTOPLASM
GLYCOLOSIS
HAPPENS HERE!
CARBO’S
(SUGARS)
FATS
(LIPIDS)
AMINO
ACIDS
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6
GLYCOLOSIS
IN CYTOPLASM
NO OXYGEN!
ATP TOTALS
GLYCOLOSIS=2
PYRUVIC
ACID
RESPIRATION=34
BOTH=36!
MAKES
2 ATPS
ACETYL-CoA
CO2 IS
RELEASED
O2 ENTERS
HERE
MITOCHONDRIA
RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN
THIS ORGANELLE!
KREBS CYCLE
AND
ELECTRON
TANSPORT
MAKES
34 ATPS
Gluconeogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources. Glucose must be synthesized after 12-24 hours of fasting or
during prolonged exercise to maintain blood glucose concentration.
• The brain prefers to use glucose as fuel, although after a long period
of starvation it can derive some of its energy requirements from
ketone bodies.
• RBCs have an absolute
requirement for
glucose since they have
no mitochondria and
can not utilize ketone
bodies.
• Occurs in the liver (&
kidney cortex after
prolonged starvation),
in cytosol
&mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Where it
occurs
Co-Enzymes
used
Co-Enzymes
produced
ATP Used
ATP
Produced
MISC Inputs
MISC
Outputs
Pyruvate
TCA Cycle
Intermediate
E- Transport FermenChain
tation
References
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Hibernation:
Krebs cycle Tutorial
Citric Acid Cycle tutorial
A&P Animations & Quizzes
ATP & Energy Storage
Fermentation & Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Step by Step Glycolysis
Interactive Biochemistry Animations
Overview of Glycolysis Heavy Chemistry
Fundamentals of Biochemistry Animations
Glycolysis with Redox Reactions
Cellular Respiration Animation: Summary